1. Arrays, File Access, and Plotting
Chapter 5
Arrays, File Access, and Plotting
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

2. Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting
An array is a special object containing:
A group of contiguous memory locations that all have the same name and same type
A separate instance variable containing the number of elements in the array
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

3. Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting
Declaring Arrays
An array must be declared or created before it can be used. This is a two-step process:
First, declare a reference to an array.
Then, create the array with the new operator.
Example:
double x[]; // Create reference x = new double[5]; // Create array object
These steps can be combined on a single line:
double x[] = new double[5]; // All together
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

4. Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting
Using Arrays
An array element may be used in any place where an ordinary variable of the same type may be used.
An array element is addressed using the array name followed by a integer subscript in brackets: a[2]
Arrays are typically used to perform the same calculation on many different values
Example:
for ( int i = 0; i < 100; i++ ) { a[i] = Math.sqrt(a[i]); // sqrt of 100 values }
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

5. Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting
Initializing Arrays
When an array object is created with the new operator, its elements are automatically initialized to zero.
Arrays can be initialized to non-zero values using array initializers, which are comma-separated list enclosed in braces
Array initializers only work in declaration statements
Example:
int a[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; // Create & initialize array
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

6. Out-of-Bounds Subscripts
Each element of an array is addressed using the name of the array plus the subscripts 0, 1, …, n-1, where n is the number of elements in the array.
Subscripts < 0 or  n are illegal, since they do not correspond to real memory locations in the array.
These subscripts are said to be out-of-bounds.
Reference to an out-of-bounds subscript produces an out-of-bounds exception, and the program will crash if the exception is not handled.
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

7. Out-of-Bounds Subscripts (2)
Example:
// Declare and initialize array
int a[] = {1,2,3,4,5};
// Write array (with an error!)
for ( int i = 0; i <= 5; i++ )
System.out.println("a[" + i + "] = " + a[i]);
Result:
C:\book\java\chap5>java TestBounds
a[0] = 1
a[1] = 2
a[2] = 3
a[3] = 4
a[4] = 5
java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 5
at TestBounds.main(TestBounds.java:15)
Note failure when access to an out-of-bounds subscript (5) is attempted.
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

8. Reading and Writing Data to Files
Disk files are a convenient way to store large amounts of data between uses.
The simplest way to read or write disk files is with command-line redirection.
The file to read data from is listed after a < on the command line. All input data comes from this file.
The file to write data from is listed after a > on the command line. All output data goes to this file.
Example:
D:\>java Example < infile > outfile
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

9. Reading and Writing Data to Files
Command line redirection is relatively inflexible, since all input must be in a single file and all output must go to a single file.
It is better to use the Java I/O system to open and close files as needed when a program is running.
The Java I/O system is very complex, and discussion is postponed to Chapter 14.
We introduce 2 convenience classes FileIn and FileOut for easy Java I/O.
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

10. Reading Files with Class FileIn
Class chapman.io.FileIn is designed to read numeric data from an input file.
To open a file for reading, import package chapman.io, and create a new FileIn object with the name of the file as a calling parameter.
FileIn in = new FileIn("inputFile");
Then read input data using the readDouble(), readFloat(), readInt(), or readLong() methods.
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

11. Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting
Using Class FileIn
Import package
Open file by creating object
Check for valid file open
Read data one value at a time
Close file when done
Report errors if they exist
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

12. Writing Files with Class FileOut
Class chapman.io.FileOut is designed to write formatted data from an output file.
To open a file for writing, import package chapman.io, and create a new FileOut object with the name of the file as a calling parameter.
FileOut out = new FileOut("outFile");
Then write output data using the printf() method, and close file using the close() method.
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

13. Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting
Using Class FileOut
Import package
Open file by creating object
Check for valid file open
Write data one value at a time
Close file when done
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

14. Introduction to Plotting
Support for graphics is built into the Java API.
Support is in the form of low-level graphics classes and methods
These methods are discussed in Chapter 11
Meanwhile, we will use the convenience class chapman.graphics.JPlot2D to create 2D plots.
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

15. Introduction to Class JPlot2D
Class JPlot2D supports many types of plots:
Linear plots
Semilog x plots
Semilog y plots
Logarithmic plots
Polar Plots
Bar Plots
Examples are shown on the following slides
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

16. Example JPlot2D Outputs (1)
Linear Plot
Semilog x Plot
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

17. Example JPlot2D Outputs (2)
Semilog y Plot
Log-log Plot
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

18. Example JPlot2D Outputs (3)
Polar Plot
Bar Plot
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

19. Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting
Creating Plots
To create plots, use the template shown on the following two pages
Create arrays x and y containing the data to plot, and insert it into the template
The components of this program will be explained in Chapters 11 and 12; meanwhile we can use it to plot any desired data
See Table 5.5 for a list of plotting options
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

20. Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting
Using Class JPlot2D (1)
Import packages
Create data to plot here
Create JPlot2D obj
Set data to plot
Set the desired plotting styles
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

21. Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting
Using Class JPlot2D (2)
Create frame to hold plot
Create listener (see Chap 11)
Set size of plot
Add plot to frame
Window listener (see Chap 11)
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

22. Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting
A String is an object containing one or more characters, treated as a unit.
Strings are types of objects. Once a string is created, its contents never change.
The simplest form of string is a string literal, which is a series of characters between quotation marks.
Example:
"This is a string literal."
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

23. Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting
Creating Strings
To create a String:
First, declare a reference to a String.
Then, create the String with a string literal or the new operator.
Examples:
String s1, s2; // Create references s1 = "This is a test."; // Create array object
s2 = new String(); // Create array object
These steps can be combined on a single line:
String s3[] = "String 3."; // All together
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

24. Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting
Substrings
A substring is a portion of a string.
The String method substring creates a new String object containing a portion of another String.
The forms of this method are:
s.substring(int st); // From "st"
s.substring(int st, int en); // "st" to "en"
This method returns a String object containing the characters from st to en (or the end of the string).
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

25. Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting
Substrings (2)
Examples:
String s = "abcdefgh";
String s1 = s.substring(3);
String s2 = s.substring(3,6);
Substring s1 contains "defgh", and substring s2 contains "def".
Note that the indices start at 0, and that the substring contains the values from st to en-1.
"abcdefgh" s
s.substring(3)
s.substring(3,6)
"defgh" s1
"def" s2
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

26. Concatenating Strings
The String method concat creates a new String object containing the contents of two other strings.
The form of this method is:
s1.concat(String s2); // Combine s1 and s2
This method returns a String object containing the contents of s1 followed by the contents of s2.
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

27. Concatenating Strings (2)
Example:
New object created.
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting

28. Selected Additional String Methods
Chapter 5 - Arrays, Strings, File Access, and Plotting