1. User-Friendly Surveying Techniques for Location-Aware Systems James Scott Intel Research Cambridge, UK Mike Hazas Lancaster University Lancaster, UK Both formerly at: Laboratory for Communication Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK

2. Fine-Grained Location Systems — Ready for End Users? Systems with <25cm accuracy exist –Ultrasonic, radio (UWB), vision Problem: many of these are deployed only in research labs –They require a PhD to install/maintain! –Developed for research, so this wasn’t an issue Motivation: address [one of] the issues preventing deployment of fine-grained location systems for end-users.

3. Deployment = Installation + Configuration + Surveying Installation: simplify using engineering tricks Configuration: simplify using software tricks Surveying = determining the location of the environmentally-placed components in the system. –Not so easy to automate. UnitXYZ 01.520.222.53 15.253.872.52 23.693.852.53

4. Current Surveying Techniques Manual techniques: e.g. tape measure Very tedious Inaccurate over large distances Lots of chances for human error Partly-automated techniques: e.g. theodolite Automate the measurement bit Potentially very accurate Still has large user and hardware requirements

5. Self-Surveying The ability of a location system to gather survey data for itself How is this possible? –Location systems determine location using data from a number of collected “sightings” –Many location systems collect surplus “sightings” at least some of the time –This surplus data can be used for surveying

6. Self-Surveying Framework The framework for conducting self-surveying has 3 stages: –Data Gathering using the location system –Processing of the data to determine survey data –Combination of surveys from multiple rooms into a single coordinate space This framework is applicable to a wide range of location systems Various data-gathering, processing and combination techniques can be used

7. Data Gathering “People” method –Gather data from people walking around with mobile units Can be fully “transparent”: users behaving as normal  Each location sighting is independent so it’s hard to determine good ones for surveying “Floor” method –Place mobile units on the floor of the room Can cull bad readings The height of the tags is identical, thus providing more “surplus data” for surveying  Less “transparent”

8. Data Gathering (cont.) “Frame” method –Use a rigid frame to mount mobile units Mobile units’ relative positions fully known, so more surveying data is gathered  Requires the use of extra hardware

9. Processing Simulated Annealing –Model the locations of fixed and mobile units –Search for locations which best fit data gathered –Avoids local minima in solution space Very general method, potentially applicable to many location systems/data-gathering methods “Inverted” Location System Algorithm –For “frame” data, survey problem looks like an inverted version of normal location-finding problem find fixed unit location using known mobile unit locations –Can use location system’s own algorithm Algorithm is optimised for location system

10. Combination of Survey Data Data gathered from multiple rooms must be combined to form a single large survey Can be done at pre-processing or post-processing stage, depending on the data-gathering method.

11. Experimental Results Values are 90 th percentile errors in centimetres Frame method gives accuracy comparable with accuracy of underlying location system (Bats). But every technique is useful, depending on app Tradeoff between effort and accuracy Can always resurvey Method Small Rm 1 Small Rm 2 Small Rm 3 Large Rm 1 Large Rm 2 MeanMean (Central Units) People 20 2417131915 Floor 12212696155 Frame (SA) 99210574 Frame (Inv) 3324332

12. Results: Plan View of Room Plan view shows that errors are higher at sides of room Due to fewer mobile units at edge of room (lower “PDOP”) Implications for data-gathering: bias survey towards edges

13. Conclusions and Broader Picture Self-surveying shown to be viable Can facilitate rollout of location systems to end users The framework and methods presented are likely relevant to other location systems Related problem: surveying of environment (e.g. walls, furniture) and of important objects (computers, phones) –c.f. Rob Harle’s work at UbiComp 2003

14. QUESTION TIME

15. Results: S-curves

16. Coordinate Space Transformation