2. Rise of Industrialism End of 19 th century, beginning of 20 th century U.S. became industrialized End of 19 th century, beginning of 20 th century U.S. became industrialized Change in production from hand made to machine made Change in production from hand made to machine made Industrialization fueled by several key factors Industrialization fueled by several key factors Abundant natural resources (coal, oil, iron ore) Abundant natural resources (coal, oil, iron ore) Improved transportation Improved transportation Population shift from rural to urban centers Population shift from rural to urban centers Government support Government support Gave loans to industries Gave loans to industries Laissez-faire: “hands off” approach/few regulations Laissez-faire: “hands off” approach/few regulations No income tax & high tariffs on imports No income tax & high tariffs on imports

4. Invention and Innovation Spirit of Innovation Spirit of Innovation 1860-1900 over 676,000 patents to inventions of machines, techniques, and tools 1860-1900 over 676,000 patents to inventions of machines, techniques, and tools Steel is King Steel is King Bessemer process made making steel easier and cheaper Bessemer process made making steel easier and cheaper Used in railroad track, skyscraper, bridges Used in railroad track, skyscraper, bridges Electricity becomes widespread Electricity becomes widespread Telegraph & telephone Telegraph & telephone Escalators & elevators Escalators & elevators Lamps & generators Lamps & generators Machines Increase Production Machines Increase Production Sewing machine Sewing machine Assembly line Assembly line

6. Industrial Leaders Industrialism led to enormous business enterprises Industrialism led to enormous business enterprises Companies consolidated into massive companies Companies consolidated into massive companies Companies became wealthy and powerful, so did owners Companies became wealthy and powerful, so did owners John Rockefeller: Standard Oil John Rockefeller: Standard Oil Andrew Carnegie: Steel Andrew Carnegie: Steel Cornelius Vanderbilt: Railroad Cornelius Vanderbilt: Railroad McCormicks: International Harvest Company McCormicks: International Harvest Company J. Piermont Morgan: Banking J. Piermont Morgan: Banking Known as “The Gilded Age” Known as “The Gilded Age”

8. Trusts & Corruption Businesses combined competing companies into large firms called trusts Businesses combined competing companies into large firms called trusts Owners of trusts manipulated gov’t officials at all levels Owners of trusts manipulated gov’t officials at all levels Bribed legislators Bribed legislators Little regulation Little regulation High tariffs High tariffs Municipal governments run by political “machines” & “bosses” that catered to industrial interests Municipal governments run by political “machines” & “bosses” that catered to industrial interests

10. Criticism & Defense of Big Business Many were unhappy with huge gap between wealthy and average american Many were unhappy with huge gap between wealthy and average american Material worth of 1% of population greater than the other 99% combined Material worth of 1% of population greater than the other 99% combined Business giants argued they had earned their wealth by taking risks in investing their resources Business giants argued they had earned their wealth by taking risks in investing their resources Some wealthy believed in donating large amounts of money Some wealthy believed in donating large amounts of money

12. Impact of Industrialism National wealth and income grew significantly National wealth and income grew significantly New inventions made life easier New inventions made life easier Telephone, automobile, fresh produce, already made clothing, buy property, send kids to college Telephone, automobile, fresh produce, already made clothing, buy property, send kids to college Most still lived a hard life Most still lived a hard life No plumbing or electricity, crowded tenements, little to no education No plumbing or electricity, crowded tenements, little to no education Terrible work conditions Terrible work conditions 10-12 hour days 6 days a week 10-12 hour days 6 days a week Hot, cramped work areas Hot, cramped work areas Dangerous work conditions & no workers comp Dangerous work conditions & no workers comp Easy to be replaced Easy to be replaced Low pay Low pay

14. Change and Discrimination at work Women, children, minorities, & immigrants were recruited to work Women, children, minorities, & immigrants were recruited to work Paid less than white males Paid less than white males Children worked 15 hour days in coal mines, canning factories, tobacco plants, garment factories Children worked 15 hour days in coal mines, canning factories, tobacco plants, garment factories

16. Organized Labor As working conditions worsened & income disparity increased workers began forming unions As working conditions worsened & income disparity increased workers began forming unions Wanted better pay Wanted better pay Better hours Better hours Child labor laws Child labor laws Businesses mounted fierce resistance to Unions Businesses mounted fierce resistance to Unions Unions went on Strike to get what they wanted Unions went on Strike to get what they wanted Often resulted in violence Often resulted in violence Over time industries met many union demands Over time industries met many union demands Maximum work hours, Better pay, Workers comp, Child labor laws Maximum work hours, Better pay, Workers comp, Child labor laws

18. Progressivism Consumer Fraud Consumer Fraud Industrial Growth brought unfair & unethical business practices Industrial Growth brought unfair & unethical business practices Fooling people into buying things, or misleading consumers Fooling people into buying things, or misleading consumers Meatpacking Meatpacking Extremely unsanitary practices to keep up production Extremely unsanitary practices to keep up production Muckrakers Muckrakers Group of people who concentrated on exposing ills of society Group of people who concentrated on exposing ills of society Wrote articles about political corruption, suppression of minorities, slum conditions, & dishonest business practices Wrote articles about political corruption, suppression of minorities, slum conditions, & dishonest business practices Informed people about what was going on Informed people about what was going on

20. Toll on the Environment Increase in use of nonrenewable, or polluting fuels Increase in use of nonrenewable, or polluting fuels oil oil Coal Coal Natural gas Natural gas Mining & Deforestation Mining & Deforestation Mining was devastating to the environment Mining was devastating to the environment Entire forest were cleared for logging Entire forest were cleared for logging Pollution Pollution Quality of air & water suffered Quality of air & water suffered Environmental Reformers Environmental Reformers Wanted to protect the environment Wanted to protect the environment Started Conservation movement Started Conservation movement Many National Parks were created Many National Parks were created