1. Musical Instruments & Ensembles

2. There are 7 categories of musical instruments
Voices
Strings
Woodwinds
Brasses
Percussion
Keyboard
Electronic

3. Voices The voice is the most fundamental musical instrument.
It has expressive qualities not found in other musical instruments.
Voices have the ability to combine both music & words.
Voices are divided into high, middle, & low registers.

4. Women’s registers Soprano—highest Mezzo-soprano—middle
Contralto (alto)--lowest

5. Men’s registers
Tenor—highest
Baritone—middle
Bass--lowest

6. Strings
String instruments are among the most important in Western music.
They constitute the backbone of the symphony orchestra & the chamber orchestra
There are 2 types of string instruments
Bowed
Plucked (harp, guitar, banjo)

12. Bowed instruments include (from HIGHEST pitch to LOWEST pitch)
Violin
Viola
Violoncello (cello)
Double bass

13. These instruments are similar in construction, but differ in sizes (see diagram.)
The violin was first developed in the 16th century from more primitive string instruments.
Drawing the bow across the strings causes them to vibrate & make sound.
Pitch is determined by pressing down the string against the fingerboard & adjusting the length of the string.
This is known as “stopping the string.”
The longer the string, the lower the pitch; the shorter the string, the higher the pitch.

14. Bowing Techniques
This is pulling the bow across the strings to produce different sounds.
Legato: smooth, connected up & down strokes
Staccato: short & detached strokes (bow is actually bounced off the strings.)
Tremolo: rapid strokes (trembling)

15. Playing Techniques
Vibrato: rapid vibration of the left hand while pressing the string against the fingerboard.
Pizzicato: plucking the strings instead of playing with the bow.
Mute: a device clamped onto the bridge that produces a subdued velvety sound.

16. Plucked Instruments
There are 2 string instruments used by the orchestra that are plucked
Harp
Guitar
The guitar can have 6 or 12 strings.
Strings are usually made of either nylon (gut) or steel.
The two main types of guitars are the acoustic & the electric

18. The harp has 47 strings stretched vertically on a triangular frame.
It has 7-9 pedals to adjust pitch of the strings.

19. Woodwinds
These instruments produce sound when air is blown through the tube-like body of the instrument.
The pitch is raised or lowered by opening & closing finger holes on the body of the instrument.
Common woodwinds include (highest to lowest pitch)

20. Most of the woodwinds use a vibrating reed to help produce sound.
Flute
Clarinet
Oboe
Bassoon
Most of the woodwinds use a vibrating reed to help produce sound.
A reed is a small strip of cane/wood used in the mouthpiece.
The flute has an opening on the edge of the body. This is where the performer blows air into to produce sound.

21. Reed instruments can be single or double reed.
This opening is called the embouchure hole.
The performer also manipulates keys with the fingers.
Reed instruments can be single or double reed.
Single reed instruments include
Clarinet
Bass clarinet
Saxophone

22. Double reed instruments are
Oboe
English horn (cor anglee)
Bassoon
Contrabassoon

27. From highest to lowest pitch
The woodwind group is often expanded in the symphony to include the following instruments.
From highest to lowest pitch
Piccolo
Flute
Oboe
English Horn
Clarinet
Bass Clarinet
Bassoon
Contrabassoon

28. The saxophone is a woodwind instrument even though it is made of brass or some other metal.
It uses a reed to produce sound.
The saxophone is an “invented” instrument.
It was invented by Adolphe Sax of Brussels, Belgium.

29. Brasses Brass instruments include (from highest to lowest pitch)
Trumpet
(French) Horn
Trombone
Tuba
The tubing is coiled for easier handling
There is a mouthpiece at one end.
The flared end is called the bell.

30. Pitch adjustments are made thru a combinations of
Adjusting the tension of the lips;
Manipulating a mechanism that shortens or extends the length of the tube;
Breathing
The mechanism on the following instruments is a set of valves operated by the fingers.
Trumpet
Horn
Tuba
The mechanism on the trombone is a slide (U-shaped piece of tubing.)

32. Percussion Percussion instruments will vary from ensemble to ensemble.
There are 2 types of percussion instruments:
Definite pitch
Indefinite pitch
Definite pitch instruments include
Timpani Glockenspiel
Celesta Vibraphone
Xylophone Marimba
Chimes

33. Timpani (aka “kettledrums”)
Pitch is adjusted by manipulating a set of screws around the head of the drum or by using foot pedals
Glockenspiel (aka “bells”)
2 rows of steel bars each producing a definite pitch
The steel bars are struck with a mallet.
Celesta
This is a keyboard glockenspiel that looks like a piano
It has a wider range of pitches than the bells.
It produces many different pitches simulatneously.
Produces a “tinkling” sound.

34. Vibraphone (aka “vibraharp”)
Metal bars arranged similar to the keys of the piano
An electric mechanism makes the vibrato effect.
Vibrato sounds like a vibrating musical sound.
Xylophone
Tuned wooden bars that produce a hollow sound when struck by a mallet.
Marimba
A xylophone with resonators under each bar.
Chimes (aka “tubular bells”)
Tuned metal bars suspended vertically in a frame
Can be played with 1 or 2 mallets
Sounds like church bells (hence the name “chimes”)

35. Celesta
Timpani Drums

36. Xylophone

37. Chimes/Bells
Glockenspiel

38. Table version of Glockenspiel

39. Vibraphone

40. Marimba

41. Indefinite Pitch AKA “fixed pitch” instruments
These just make sounds not musical notes
Includes things that can be scraped, struck, or manipulated in any other fashion.
Bass drum Bongos Gong
Snare drum Congas Sleigh bells
Tambourine Cowbell Cymbals
Triangle Ratchet Tom-tom
Slapsticks Castanets

42. Keyboard Instruments Most common
Piano
Harpsichord
Organ
Keyboard instruments share 3 important characteristics:
They are capable of producing many different tones at the same time
They are both melodic & harmonic (can play both simultaneously.)
Widest range of pitches all instruments

43. This instrument was developed before the piano.
Keyboard instruments all operate from a set of keys, but their technical aspects are different.
HARPSICHORD
This instrument was developed before the piano.
The sound is produced by a vibrating string stretched over a sounding board.
The sound board amplifies the sound.
The strings are not struck, like a piano, but rather plucked by a specific mechanism.
The mechanism is called a plectra.
Popular during the Renaissance & Baroque eras.

44. Harpsichord

45. 2 main drawbacks of the harpsichord are
It has very little sustaining power
It doesn’t have a wide dynamic range (doesn’t sound very loud or forceful.)
PIANO
The pianoforte (piano) was developed from the harpsichord during the mid-18th century into the 19th century.
It was originally called the pianoforte because of its dynamic range.
Piano = soft
Forte = loud

46. Each key operates a hammer that strikes the string.
It has more dynamic range than the harpsichord
The great the force pressing the key, the louder the resulting tone/sound.
Sustaining tones or sounds is achieved thru the use of the pedals (3)
Damper (R) sustains selected sounds even after the keys are released.
Sostenuto (M) sustains selected tone
Quiet (L) helps with playing soft sounds.
The best brands of pianos are the Bosendorfer & Steinway

47. Grand Piano

48. ORGAN (Baroque period)
The organ uses a combination of keyboard, wind, & pipes to create sound.
Electric organs don’t have the wind & the pipes.
The pipe organ consists of a set of pipes controlled by a keyboard that sends air into the pipes from a blower.
The pipes can also be controlled by a footboard that is controlled by the organist.
The pipes are “turned on” or “turned off” by selecting various stops.
Tone colors & dynamic levels are controlled by using a combination of stops, keys & pedals.

49. Pipe Organ

51. Ensembles
Music ranges from the unaccompanied soloist to the large orchestra, which can include soloists (vocal &/or instruments) & chorus.
Two categories of instrumental music are chamber music & orchestral music.
Chamber music: 1 musician plays each part
Orchestral music: sections with more than one performer playing the composition.
2 divisions of orchestral music

52. Both are similar in make up; the only difference is size.
Small chamber orchestra
Large symphony orchestra
Both are similar in make up; the only difference is size.
Chamber Ensembles
These are classified for the number of instruments playing
Duo --Quintet
Trio --Sextet
Quartet --Octet
The music can be written for 1 type of instrument, a family of instruments, or an assortment of instruments.

53. The other ensembles add performers necessary to play the music.
For example
Piano Quintet in A major, D.667
String Quintet in C major, D. 959
The string quartet is the most important chamber combination; it is the basis for all other ensembles.
The quartet consists of 1st & 2nd violins, 1 viola, & 1 cello (the bass can take the place of one of the violins.)
The other ensembles add performers necessary to play the music.

54. The Orchestra The orchestra has changed thruout musical history.
It became standardized in the late 18th century.
The symphony orchestra grew out of the chamber orchestra which grew out of the chamber ensembles.
The string family dominated the chamber ensembles & eventually became the backbone of the symphony orchestra.
Woodwinds were added & would become an important part of the group.

55. In the late 18th century & early 19th century, many instruments underwent technical improvements (Industrial Revolution.)
These improvements increased the size of the orchestra & change the sound quality of the instruments.
The IR also allowed more families to move into the middle class, providing them with access to instruments & music lessons which would help increase the size of the orchestra (professional musicians.)
By the end of the 19th century, the symphony orchestra had a nucleus of about 100 performers.

56. Today, many orchestras have between 100 & 150 musicians.
Early orchestras did not have a conductor, but a concert master.
The concert master made sure all the instruments were tuned up & all musicians were ready for the performance.
Today the concert master is the 1st violinist; he or she sits in the first seat to the left of the conductor.

57. Percussion Brasses Basses Woodwinds 2nd Violins Cellos 1st Violins
Violas

58. Band & Wind Ensembles
Marching bands that play at sporting events or concerts in the park are in this group of ensembles.
The “band” relies on the WWs, brasses & percussion instruments.
Synonyms include concert band, symphonic band, wind ensembles, & jazz band.

59. Vocal Ensembles There will be vocal duos, trios, quartets, etc.
Usually include 1 voice from each register.
A chorus or choir will usually have 4, 5 or more singers from each register.
A woman’s chorus will usually include SS AA.
A men’s chorus will usually include TT BrBs.
A Cappella is choral music written with no instrumental accompaniment.

60. The Conductor
The conductor directs the ensemble & is responsible for all aspects of its performance (artistic & business.)
Conducting is very complex.
Right hand = tempo & basic metrical structure
Left hand = cues entrances of instruments, guides shadings, dynamics, or expressive characteristics of the music

61. Test Information Part I: Matching Organ Guitar Piano Reed
Marimba Saxophone Voices
Violin Trombone Glockenspiel
Part II: True/False
20 statements
Study notes

62. Part III: Pick the element that DOES NOT belong in the group (10.)
Part IV: Match the instrument with the family (20.)
Part V: Identify the instrument using characteristics.
Part VI: Listing/Short answer
What is the difference between definite pitch percussion instruments & indefinite pitch percussion instruments?
List 3 important characteristics shared by all key board instruments.

63. 3. Explain the function of the 3 different piano pedals.
4. List 2 playing techniques used by string players.
5. Know orchestra seating chart.