1. The Unification of Germany and Italy
Nationalism –
Intense feeling of pride or loyalty to one’s group or nation. - Driving force behind unification effort

2. German Unification Early forms of unification Junkers Zollverein
Influential aristocratic landowners
Persuaded Prussia’s leaders to do away with Tariffs (breaks down trade barriers)
Zollverein
Economic Union
Reduced tariffs, other trade barriers
Made uniform system of currency, and weights

3. Prussia Otto Von Bismarck
Appointed Prime Minister of Prussia by King William I
Believed in strong government and powerful army
Realpolitik (politics of reality)
Blood and Iron speech
War...if justified...could be used as a method of expanding German interests

4. 3 Wars War Against Denmark (1864) Seven Weeks War (1866)
Dispute over Schleswig and Holstein
Defeated by Prussia and Austria
Schleswig to Prussia
Holstein to Austria
Seven Weeks War (1866)
Prussia vs. Austria
Prussia wins
Ended chance of Austria being in control of Germany
North German Confederation (1867)
North of Main River
Southern States
Catholic

5. 3 Wars (Continued) Franco-Prussian War
Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern offered Spanish throne
Cousin of William I of Prussia
Napoleon III against this move
No Hohenzollern on Spanish throne
War begins July 19, 1870
Southern states join northern states
Prussians easily defeat French (4 months)
Gain access to Alsace and Lorraine (France bitter)

6. Formation of an Empire German states officially united (1871)
technically separate…but united too
(Kind of like our own 13 colonies)
William I
Kaiser
Bismarck
Chancellor

7. The Unification of Italy

8. Early Unification efforts
Italian Nationalism
Risorgimento (resurgence or revival)
Desire for national independence
Spurs effort to unite Italy
Young Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini (founder)
Leads uprising – Sicily (1848)

9. Piedmont (Sardinia) Count Camillo di Cavour
Count Cavour
Appointed Prime Minister by King Victor
Emmanuel II
Goals
Industrial Growth
Increase Piedmont’s national interest in foreign affairs by siding with foreign powers
Not a military power (have to be more diplomatic than Prussia)
Ex. - Supported France and Britain in Crimean War

10. War with Austria France joins Piedmont against Austria
Lombardy to Piedmont
Austria keeps Venetia
Cavour’s success leads to more rebellion in other areas
Tuscany, Parma, Modena, Romagna demand to be joined with Piedmont
April 1860
Emmanuel II accepts the territories
Savoy and Nice are given to France

11. Southern Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi South is United with North 1861
Leader of nationalist group (Red Shirts) in Southern Italy
Exiled after being part of a revolt
Went to South America (Brazil) – becomes an expert in guerrilla warfare
1860 takes control of Kingdom of Two Sicilies
South is United with North 1861
Garibaldi yields to Piedmont
New state of Italy proclaimed 1861

12. Venetia and Rome
Italy allies itself with Prussia (at war with Austria)
Acquires Venetia
Rome
acquired due to Franco-Prussian War
French troops pull out of Rome
Emmanuel II moves capital from Florence to Rome
Italy formally recognized as independent state in 1871

13. Similarities and Differences
Ways the two unifications are similar:
Timing –similar time frame ( ) Why?
Congress of Vienna v. Enlightenment
Use military to achieve goals (involved in multiple wars)
Two major kingdoms/prime ministers lead way for unification (Prussia/Bismarck and Piedmont/Cavour)
Split between North and South
Ways they are different:
Prussia has much stronger military force than Piedmont – Piedmont must rely more on alliances
Italian unification involves multiple leaders (Mazzini, Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II, and Garibaldi) and various nationalist groups to rally people. Not that German unification does not involve multiple leaders but Bismarck is the dominant figure in German unification.