1. The Unification of Italy and Germany

2. Thesis
Italy was a unification led by great individuals and Germany was a unification led by great ideals.

3. Realpolitik
Refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on practical considerations, rather than ideological notions
Pragmatic
Otto Von Bismark – biggest proponent
Guiseppe Mazzini

4. Why did these two have so many problems?
Italy
Germany
Divide because Italy had disparate issues in different parts of the countryside.
Northern and Southern Italians had different governments and ideas – North: Liberalized-Monarchy (House of Savoy) / South: Traditional Bourbon Dynasty Monarchy
Divided because they were split between Austria and Prussia.

5. Which Italian States Are We Talking About…
Kingdom of Two Sicilies
Papal States
Lombardy (Ruled by Austria)
Venetia (Ruled by Austria)
Toscany, Parma, and Modena (Hapsburgs)
Piedmont-Sardinia (House of Savoy)

7. Carbonari Revolts
The Carbonari were a secret organization in Italy formed after the influence of Napoleon (liberals)
Gained a temporary constitution in Kingdom of Two Sicilies, and revolted in Piedmont and the Papal States.
They were defeated in all of these instances.

8. The Leaders of the Unification Movement
After the failure of Carbonari, there were a group of new leaders who emerged.
They were all inspired by Liberalism and Nationalism, however each played a different role.

9. 3 Leaders of Unification
Giuseppe
Mazzini
Count Camillo
Cavour
Giuseppe
Garibaldi

10. Guiseppe Mazzini “The Intellectual”
Mazzini is an idealist who even in exile starts Young Italy – a movement to unify the nation.
He was a great writer and speaker who was the ideology behind the unification or Risorgimento.
In 1848 almost unified nation – actually elected as head of the new Roman Republic. However Austrians reinstituted the Pope and the “balance of power” – however he relied on the masses who were not committed.

11. Count Camillo Cavour “The Architect”
Cavour was the prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia – the only truly Italian dynasty under Victor Emmanuel.
He was a statesman who relied on things like treaties and progressive economic reforms.
Cavour established treaties with England and France during Crimean War.
Set up a scheme with Napoleon III to get control of all of Northern Italy. Didn’t completely work BUT created a new nationalism

12. Guiseppe Garibaldi “The Warrior Patriot” TRULY A REVOLUTIONARY HERO
Part of Mazzini’s revolt in 1834 – forced to flee because he was going to be executed
Went to South America and fought in two revolutionary armies there – got married and learned about Gaucho culture

13. Garibaldi (Cont.)
Garibaldi fought in the 1848 revolutions and attempted unification. Once again Garibaldi lost and was forced to go into exile – to Staten Island.
Garibaldi returned by 1859 for the Second Italian War of Independence, but broke with Mazzini and Cavour.
Working for Piedmont, he attacked Southern Italy, specifically the Kingdom of Two Sicily's.
Did this with a voluntary force – i mile (the thousand) – also known as the redshirts.

14. The Final Unification
Garibaldi claimed Sicily in the name of Victor Emmanuel and would continue on to Southern Italy with the assistance of the French.
By March 17, 1861 Victor Emmanuel proclaimed king of Italy.
The Piedmontiese were not willing to attack Rome for fear of French. Italy not completely unified until 1870.

15. Final Garibaldi Stories
Offered a command by Lincoln in the Civil War, but refused unless Lincoln made the abolition of slaver priority 1.
Tried to capture Rome multiple times and each time was repelled by the French.
Never allowed his troops to fire on Italian troops when they came into collision (his troops were mostly volunteers)
Shot two times in the leg.

16. Why was Germany Different?
1800s  German-speaking people live in small states to which they pledged their loyalty
Napoleon’s conquests  caused Germans to want to be free from French rule
Napoleon’s defeat  caused Germans to call for a strong, unified nation
Italy was a movement of individuals, this is a movement focused by a country - Prussia

17. Germany before unification
Several individual German states
- 1815, ~39 German states were brought together by similar culture
- Several other territories will become part of Germany after being taken away from foreign control
- Austro-Hungarian and Prussian Empires are the two largest
- Nationalism will lead towards the unification of Germany, led by the Prussian empire

18. Why Prussia? Had a large well trained army.
Government was stable and very disciplined.
Local nobles, called Junkers, has been brought under the heel of the king.
Had a big and growing factory system.
Ruled under Realpolitik

19. Early Unifiers
1834 – The Zollverein – Trade union established by Prussia that ended trade barriers between German speaking states
- This was a step towards unity – people from different parts can interact much easier
- Established Prussia as the leader among the other German states

21. Otto Von Bismark
1862 – Otto von Bismarck becomes the Chancellor of Prussia
- Strong, practical leader
- Used realpolitik to gain power in government
- Stepped up an led the unification of Germany
- (did this b/c he wanted to help Prussian king become more powerful) (not because he felt strong nationalistic feelings) (although used these feelings of the population to help bring unification about)

22. “Blood and Iron” - Only way to unify the country
- Has to be done accomplished with force and through war
- Led the German states, more specifically Prussia, into 3 wars
- Wars increased Prussian power and presence in Germany, and also brought the states closer together
Established by Otto Von Bismark

23. The Blood… 1864, Danish War: Prussia (Germany) and Austria vs. Denmark
With help from Austria, Prussia seized lands from Denmark
Lands were heavily populated by German-speaking people
helped bring German-states closer together
1866, Austro-Prussian War: Prussia (Germany) vs. Austria
Bismarck turned Prussia against former allies just a few years later
Prussia easily defeated Austria – took only about 7 weeks
Several German states become united in the North German Confederation

24. More Blood… 1870, Franco-Prussia War: Prussia (Germany) vs. France
Bismarck stirred up nationalistic feelings amongst German people by bringing up memories of Napoleon’s conquests to gain support for war against France
Prussia and German allies easily defeat France
Southern German states agree to unite with Prussia and the North German Confederation after the war

25. Franco-Prussian War – Cont.
Transition War – it is a transition between the older style of fighting and the modern warfare that will happen between the Napoleonic Wars and World War I
Caused the collapse of Napoleon III – end of the second French Empire, beginning of the Third Republic.
Germans gained Alsace-Lorraine – reason for French invasion.

27. The Second Reich 1871, German Unification: The Kaiser
German states unite under rule of Prussian King, William I
William calls himself Kaiser, which is derived from the name Caesar, meaning emperor
- The Second Reich