1. The Global Crisis Roosevelt becomes president in 1933: supporter of League of Nations but also worked to ensure that America was “master of her own fate” In the end, the cautious, limited American internationalism of the interwar years proved insufficient to protect the interests of the United States, to create global stability, or to keep the nation from becoming involved in the greatest war in human history.

2. I. The Diplomacy of the New Era Replacing the League League of Nations not a possibility with Harding League of Nations not a possibility with Harding Charles Hughes signs individual treaties with Central Powers negotiating war terms… believed this would be enough to resolve war terms Charles Hughes signs individual treaties with Central Powers negotiating war terms… believed this would be enough to resolve war terms Washington Conference 1921: attempt to prevent increasing war developments between America, Britain and Japan Washington Conference 1921: attempt to prevent increasing war developments between America, Britain and Japan Hughes surprised when conference agrees to most of his terms Hughes surprised when conference agrees to most of his terms Five-Power Pact in Feb 1922 sets limits and ratios on each country’s military supplies Five-Power Pact in Feb 1922 sets limits and ratios on each country’s military supplies Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 concluded New Era peace negotiations Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 concluded New Era peace negotiations proposed a multilateral treaty outlawing war as an instrument of national policy proposed a multilateral treaty outlawing war as an instrument of national policy 14 Nations signed it… 48 other nations would eventually sign it 14 Nations signed it… 48 other nations would eventually sign it enforcement rested on “moral force” …no structure or framework for enforcement… enforcement rested on “moral force” …no structure or framework for enforcement… Washington Conference 1921

3. Debts and Diplomacy Hughes: foremost importance of diplomacy was to ensure American trade faced no obstacles for expansion Hughes: foremost importance of diplomacy was to ensure American trade faced no obstacles for expansion Europe primary focus: major Europe industries suffering Europe primary focus: major Europe industries suffering European Allied powers struggling to pay $11 billion dollars in loans European Allied powers struggling to pay $11 billion dollars in loans “They hired the money, didn’t they?” Calvin Coolidge… refusing to forgive loan payments “They hired the money, didn’t they?” Calvin Coolidge… refusing to forgive loan payments Dangerous Triangle: Germany borrowing to pay Euro Allies, to pay debts owed to America, who’s loaning money to Germany… Dangerous Triangle: Germany borrowing to pay Euro Allies, to pay debts owed to America, who’s loaning money to Germany… Calvin Coolidge

4. Debts and Diplomacy Continued Charles Dawes Charles Dawes U.S. banks would loan Germany huge sums, in return Euro Allies would reduce amount of payments U.S. banks would loan Germany huge sums, in return Euro Allies would reduce amount of payments Did little to solve problems it addressed Did little to solve problems it addressed Still troubling triangle Still troubling triangle Policies would be partially responsible for the Great Depression Policies would be partially responsible for the Great Depression Latin America Latin America U.S. used military presence to extend economic interests U.S. used military presence to extend economic interests Resentment towards “Yankee Imperialism” Resentment towards “Yankee Imperialism” Charles Dawes

5. Hoover and the World Crisis world financial crisis that began in 1929 intensified in 1931… not only caused economic distress, but was producing dangerous nationalism that threatened the weak international agreements established during the previous decade world financial crisis that began in 1929 intensified in 1931… not only caused economic distress, but was producing dangerous nationalism that threatened the weak international agreements established during the previous decade Depression toppled existing political leaders and replaced them with belligerent governments bent on expansion as a solution to their economic problems Depression toppled existing political leaders and replaced them with belligerent governments bent on expansion as a solution to their economic problems Hoover lacked sufficient tools for dealing with it Hoover lacked sufficient tools for dealing with it Latin America Latin America repudiated Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: refused permit American intervention when several Latin American countries defaulted on debt obligations to the United States in October repudiated Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: refused permit American intervention when several Latin American countries defaulted on debt obligations to the United States in October America would grant diplomatic recognition to any sitting government to the region without questioning it America would grant diplomatic recognition to any sitting government to the region without questioning it

6. Hoover and the World Crisis Europe Europe Hoover refused to cancel war debts amid a growing crisis Hoover refused to cancel war debts amid a growing crisis Extended limits of naval constructions set forth at Washington Conference in 1921 Extended limits of naval constructions set forth at Washington Conference in 1921 World Disarmament Conference: Hoover urged reductions in armaments, France calls for an international army to stop Germany… conference ends in failure World Disarmament Conference: Hoover urged reductions in armaments, France calls for an international army to stop Germany… conference ends in failure Rising fascism: Italy, Germany and Japan (Asia) Rising fascism: Italy, Germany and Japan (Asia) Lebensraum: living space for Germans Lebensraum: living space for Germans Ethiopia: Italy Ethiopia: Italy Manchuria: Japan Manchuria: Japan Hoover on the way out / Roosevelt on the way in… what to do? Hoover on the way out / Roosevelt on the way in… what to do? adopt a more energetic form of internationalism and enter into firmer and more meaningful associations with other nations adopt a more energetic form of internationalism and enter into firmer and more meaningful associations with other nations resort to nationalism and rely on its own devices for dealing with the world’s problems resort to nationalism and rely on its own devices for dealing with the world’s problems Hoover

7. II. Isolationism and Internationalism Depression Diplomacy New Deal continued to base its foreign policy almost entirely on the nation’s immediate economic needs New Deal continued to base its foreign policy almost entirely on the nation’s immediate economic needs Roosevelt’s breaks from Hoover Roosevelt’s breaks from Hoover London Economic Conference: decided to work with Europe in regards to war debts and the gold standard… but tensions rise and not clear settlement is reached until 1936 London Economic Conference: decided to work with Europe in regards to war debts and the gold standard… but tensions rise and not clear settlement is reached until 1936 April 1934 he signed a bill to forbid American Banks from making loans to any nation in default on its debts April 1934 he signed a bill to forbid American Banks from making loans to any nation in default on its debts within months war debt payments would stop for good within months war debt payments would stop for good no currency for European countries to buy American products no currency for European countries to buy American products

8. America and the Soviet Union Agreement between Russia and United States Agreement between Russia and United States Soviets would cease their propaganda efforts in the United States and protect American citizens in Russia Soviets would cease their propaganda efforts in the United States and protect American citizens in Russia United States would recognize the communist regime United States would recognize the communist regime Tension and mistrust still high in 1934 Tension and mistrust still high in 1934 American industries fail in Russia American industries fail in Russia US fails to pledge support against Japanese US fails to pledge support against Japanese Soviet propaganda

9. The Good Neighbor Policy Latin America most important target of trade exchange and recovery Latin America most important target of trade exchange and recovery during 1930s trade would increase 100% with other countries in Western Hemisphere during 1930s trade would increase 100% with other countries in Western Hemisphere Where Hoover abandoned American practice of using military force to compel Latin American gov’ts to repay debts, respect foreign investments… Roosevelt went further Where Hoover abandoned American practice of using military force to compel Latin American gov’ts to repay debts, respect foreign investments… Roosevelt went further Montevideo Inter-American Conference 1933 Montevideo Inter-American Conference 1933 “No state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another” “No state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another” Roosevelt would honor the promise through his presidency Roosevelt would honor the promise through his presidency Replaced military force with economic influence Replaced military force with economic influence American businesses continued to dominate Latin American economies American businesses continued to dominate Latin American economies

10. The Rise of Isolationism Continued world realized at the end of Hoover administration that hopes for peace through disarmament would not be an option world realized at the end of Hoover administration that hopes for peace through disarmament would not be an option arms control conference in Geneva fails 1932 arms control conference in Geneva fails 1932 two years later Japan would withdrawal from London Naval Conference two years later Japan would withdrawal from London Naval Conference Faced with the choice of stabilizing the world with action or isolate… most Americans chose the latter Faced with the choice of stabilizing the world with action or isolate… most Americans chose the latter Roosevelt asked Congress to ratify a treaty to make the United States part of the World Court in 1935 Roosevelt asked Congress to ratify a treaty to make the United States part of the World Court in 1935 strong opposition lead by Father Coughlin and Hearst Newspapers killed the treaty in the Senate strong opposition lead by Father Coughlin and Hearst Newspapers killed the treaty in the Senate big blow to the president… would not attempt to challenge the isolationist tide big blow to the president… would not attempt to challenge the isolationist tide

11. The Rise of Isolationism Continued Neutrality Acts 1935 and 1937 Neutrality Acts 1935 and 1937 response to Italy’s plan to Ethiopia response to Italy’s plan to Ethiopia designed to prevent a recurrence of the events that many Americans believed led to WWI designed to prevent a recurrence of the events that many Americans believed led to WWI “protection of neutral rights” “protection of neutral rights” “cash and carry policy” to aide both sides in conflict, including belligerents “cash and carry policy” to aide both sides in conflict, including belligerents Italy invades Ethiopia, leaves League of Nations and forms Axis Powers with Germany Italy invades Ethiopia, leaves League of Nations and forms Axis Powers with Germany Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy would go on to support military revolution / Civil War in Spain… Falangists and Francisco Franco Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy would go on to support military revolution / Civil War in Spain… Falangists and Francisco Franco Roosevelt recognizes the danger of isolationism, but also understands public opinion is strongly isolationist Roosevelt recognizes the danger of isolationism, but also understands public opinion is strongly isolationist in response to Japanese aggression in China FDR states that aggressors should be “quarantined” without clearly defining what a quarantine was in response to Japanese aggression in China FDR states that aggressors should be “quarantined” without clearly defining what a quarantine was public response to “quarantine” speech was very hostile public response to “quarantine” speech was very hostile Panay bombed and sunk by Japanese in China… Roosevelt accepts apology Panay bombed and sunk by Japanese in China… Roosevelt accepts apology *Fake Smile*

12. The Failure of Munich Hitler moves revived German army into the Rhineland in 1936 Hitler moves revived German army into the Rhineland in 1936 violation of WWI treaty violation of WWI treaty taking over disputed territory that France had controlled since WWI taking over disputed territory that France had controlled since WWI Austria March 1938 Austria March 1938 Anschluss / “unity” with native land Anschluss / “unity” with native land Sudetenland Sept. 1938 Sudetenland Sept. 1938 demand from Czechoslovakia demand from Czechoslovakia Czech refuses Czech refuses World prepares for unwanted World prepares for unwanted Sept 29 Hitler meets with leaders from France and England and agree to give Hitler parts of Czechoslovakia if he promises to go no further… “This is the last territorial claim I have to make in Europe.” Sept 29 Hitler meets with leaders from France and England and agree to give Hitler parts of Czechoslovakia if he promises to go no further… “This is the last territorial claim I have to make in Europe.” British PM Chamberlain returns home with a hero’s welcome British PM Chamberlain returns home with a hero’s welcome Reflective of popular policy of “appeasement” Reflective of popular policy of “appeasement” March of 1939 Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia in blatant violation of Munich March of 1939 Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia in blatant violation of Munich April 1939 Hitler began threatening Poland April 1939 Hitler began threatening Poland August 1939: Non-Aggression pact between Hitler and Stalin (not invited to Munich conference) August 1939: Non-Aggression pact between Hitler and Stalin (not invited to Munich conference) September 1, 1939 Hitler launches fullscale invasion of Poland… England and France declare war on Germany September 1, 1939 Hitler launches fullscale invasion of Poland… England and France declare war on Germany

13. “War of the Worlds” Orson Wells country goes nuts country goes nuts representative of the time representative of the time representative of the power of the media over the people representative of the power of the media over the people

14. III. From Neutrality to Intervention A. Neutrality Tested Never a question that US would support France and Britain, the question was to what extent Never a question that US would support France and Britain, the question was to what extent September 1939 Roosevelt asks for revision of Neutrality Acts September 1939 Roosevelt asks for revision of Neutrality Acts FDR believed US should help Britain and France with munitions at the very least FDR believed US should help Britain and France with munitions at the very least Wanted arms embargo lifted, but isolationist forces limited change Wanted arms embargo lifted, but isolationist forces limited change Europe silent after Poland… thoughts of a “phony war” Europe silent after Poland… thoughts of a “phony war” Russia takes over territories: Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania… and then Finland…America outraged but does nothing Russia takes over territories: Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania… and then Finland…America outraged but does nothing

15. Neutrality Tested Continued Germany launches huge string of attacks in Spring of 1940… Allied efforts powerless to German blitzkrieg Germany launches huge string of attacks in Spring of 1940… Allied efforts powerless to German blitzkrieg Denmark and Norway Denmark and Norway Netherlands and Belgium Netherlands and Belgium Deep into France Deep into France Mussolini invades from the South Mussolini invades from the South Hitler from the North Hitler from the North June 22 1940 France falls to Germany… Vichy gov’t established June 22 1940 France falls to Germany… Vichy gov’t established May 15 W.Churchill gives FDR a list of needed supplies May 15 W.Churchill gives FDR a list of needed supplies May 16 1940 FDR asks Congress for an additional $1 billion for defense May 16 1940 FDR asks Congress for an additional $1 billion for defense Shift in public opinion in US after France falls to Germany Shift in public opinion in US after France falls to Germany Fight for Freedom Committee vs. America First Committee Fight for Freedom Committee vs. America First Committee

16. The Third-Term Campaign Roosevelt defeats Willkie (55% to 45%) Willkie Roosevelt

17. Neutrality Abandoned In December of 1940 GB was bankrupt In December of 1940 GB was bankrupt Lend Lease Act Lend Lease Act opportunity to “remove dollar sign” in the cost of the war opportunity to “remove dollar sign” in the cost of the war USA would lend or lease armaments to any country “vital to the defense of the United States” USA would lend or lease armaments to any country “vital to the defense of the United States” How to get the supplies there? How to get the supplies there? German submarines destroying 1 million tons of shipping each month German submarines destroying 1 million tons of shipping each month American ships begin patrolling the Atlantic American ships begin patrolling the Atlantic Germany did little to challenge hostile American actions Germany did little to challenge hostile American actions situation changes when Germany invades Russia situation changes when Germany invades Russia when Russia did not surrender (as Germans expected) Roosevelt asked Congress to extend the land lease act to USSR when Russia did not surrender (as Germans expected) Roosevelt asked Congress to extend the land lease act to USSR

18. Neutrality Abandoned Again Nazi forces begin a campaign against US vessels Nazi forces begin a campaign against US vessels German U-boat fires on American destroyer Greer German U-boat fires on American destroyer Greer Roosevelt orders American destroyers to “fire on sight” of German U-boats Roosevelt orders American destroyers to “fire on sight” of German U-boats US destroyer Ruben James sunk, Congress outraged… passes policy that enacts naval war against Germany US destroyer Ruben James sunk, Congress outraged… passes policy that enacts naval war against Germany Atlantic Charter Atlantic Charter Roosevelt meets with Churchill off the coast of Newfoundland in Canada Roosevelt meets with Churchill off the coast of Newfoundland in Canada FDR makes no military commitments, but sets out “certain common principles” FDR makes no military commitments, but sets out “certain common principles” Called for “the final destruction of Nazi Germany” Called for “the final destruction of Nazi Germany” FDR new the USA public would only support a war declaration in the case of an attack FDR new the USA public would only support a war declaration in the case of an attack German U-boat

19. The Road to Pearl Harbor Sept. of 1940 Japan signs the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy Sept. of 1940 Japan signs the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy Roosevelt had already displayed his animosity toward Japanese policies by harshly denouncing their continuing assault on China and terminating a commercial treaty with Tokyo Roosevelt had already displayed his animosity toward Japanese policies by harshly denouncing their continuing assault on China and terminating a commercial treaty with Tokyo July 1941 Japanese take Vietnam (French colony) July 1941 Japanese take Vietnam (French colony) FDR freezes all Japanese assets in the United States FDR freezes all Japanese assets in the United States made it hard for Japan to get essential supplies, including oil made it hard for Japan to get essential supplies, including oil anti-Japanese prejudices lead large majority of American public to support Roosevelt anti-Japanese prejudices lead large majority of American public to support Roosevelt Tokyo willing to compromise at first, but US fears Japan’s prince will not be powerful enough to honor treaty… negotiations fail Tokyo willing to compromise at first, but US fears Japan’s prince will not be powerful enough to honor treaty… negotiations fail Issue of China Issue of China October of 1941: Prince Konoye replaced by General Hideki Tojo October of 1941: Prince Konoye replaced by General Hideki Tojo Tojo still works to continue negotiations Tojo still works to continue negotiations Secretary Hull “I have washed my hands of the Japanese situation…” Secretary Hull “I have washed my hands of the Japanese situation…”

20. The Road to Pearl Harbor Continued American intelligence had already decoded Japanese messages which had made clear that war was imminent… they new that after Nov. 29 an attack would only be a matter of days American intelligence had already decoded Japanese messages which had made clear that war was imminent… they new that after Nov. 29 an attack would only be a matter of days did not know for certain where did not know for certain where Hawaii was so far away from Japan, few believed an attack was possible Hawaii was so far away from Japan, few believed an attack was possible December 7, 1941 December 7, 1941 7:55 AM huge wave of Japanese bombers attacked Pearl Harbor 7:55 AM huge wave of Japanese bombers attacked Pearl Harbor an hour later another wave attacks an hour later another wave attacks USA not prepared USA not prepared ships bunched up defenselessly in the harbor ships bunched up defenselessly in the harbor airplanes parked in rows on the airstrips airplanes parked in rows on the airstrips Losses Losses 8 battleships 8 battleships 3 cruisers 3 cruisers 4 other vessels 4 other vessels 2000 soldiers dead 2000 soldiers dead by “fortunate accident” none of the American aircraft carriers had been in Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7 by “fortunate accident” none of the American aircraft carriers had been in Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7

21. The Road to Pearl Harbor Continued Again Unified the American people in a fervent commitment to war instantly Unified the American people in a fervent commitment to war instantly accomplished overnight was FDR had been working on for over a decade accomplished overnight was FDR had been working on for over a decade Dec.8 War is declared on Japan Dec.8 War is declared on Japan Dec. 11 Germany, Italy and Japan all declared war on the United States… Congress reciprocated without a single dissenting vote Dec. 11 Germany, Italy and Japan all declared war on the United States… Congress reciprocated without a single dissenting vote