1. Chinese Culture ： Festivals and Customs in Three Gorges Area （ 4 ） ( 第四讲：中国文化之三峡文化与习俗） Lectured by Betsy Hu Xiaoqiong( 胡晓琼）

2. Tujia: A Minority Ethnic Group in Three Gorges Area

3. Major Contents: General introduction  Population  Dialect  Clothing  Food  Embroidery Unique customs (wedding, funeral)

4. Population  Around 8 million people, mainly in Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing and Guizhou in China.

5. Dialect  毕兹卡 (pi tsi ka) – the name for themselves  Only 300,000 of 8 million people still use it in their daily life now.  S+O+V e.g. “ 伢值嘎 ” （我吃饭） I eat my meal. ---- I meal eat.

6. The clothing

7. Food Diet: ciba ( 糍粑 ) 、 Smoked bacon ( 烟熏腊肉）、 bean rice( 土家豆饭 ) Corn powder rice( 苞谷饭 ) 、 Steamed pork( 粉蒸肉） etc

8. The embroidery

13. Weeping/crying Wedding

15. Reasons  Thanks to parents

16.  Uncertainty about future life

17.  Difficulty coming back for visits

18. 交通全靠走，信息全靠吼。

19.  A mark of adulthood

20.  Asking for more dowry

21. Forms of crying wedding

22.  Crying along

23.  With family, esp. parents

24.  With nine close female friends

25. Funeral dance “ 撒叶儿嗬 ” （ s ɑ je er huo ）

26.  When someone dies, all the relatives and neighbors will get together, and stay around the deceased’s coffin for the whole night. A team of professional performers are invited to the funeral. One leads singing songs, some dance, some beat the drums and others watch the performance. Very noisy. Why?

27. Meanings of funeral dance 1) to say goodbye to the deceased. 2) to express condolence to the family of the deceased 3) to praise life and achievements of the deceased; daily life in general 4) to worship ancestors 5) two kinds of happiness: red and white

28. Features of funeral dance  Singing, dancing, drum beating together  Powerful, wild and vigorous  Only men performers ( 女人跳丧，家破人亡 )

29.  Funeral dance Funeral dance

30. Bertrand Russel  Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death... The best way to overcome it …. is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life.

31.  An individual human existence should be like a river – small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.

32.  The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will not be unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.

33. Bashan dance  Chinese style Disco  Based on the funeral dance, and now a public activity.

34. Bashan dance

35.  Bashan dance Bashan dance

36. Folk song  People in the Three Gorges area, especially in mountain regions, like to sing folk songs.  They work and sing.

37. Folk songs

38.  junchao

39. Tujia style scenic spots in Three Gorges area Chexi

40. Sanxia renjia

41. Qingjiang hualang

43. Summary General introduction Unique customs (wedding, funeral)