1. Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Chapter 7

2. Core Case Study: Connections between Wind, Climate, and Biomes  Wind Indirect form of solar energy  Circulates Heat Moisture Plant nutrients Soil particles Long-lived air pollutants

3. Dust Blown from West Africa to the Amazonian Rain Forests

4. 7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?  Concept 7-1 An area's climate is determined mostly by solar radiation, the earth’s rotation, global patterns of air and water movement, gases in the atmosphere, and the earth’s surface features.

5. The Earth Has Many Different Climates (1)  Weather  Climate  Air circulation in lower atmosphere due to Uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the sun Rotation of the earth on its axis Properties of air, water, and land

6. The Earth Has Many Different Climates (2)  Currents Prevailing winds Earth’s rotation Redistribution of heat from the sun  Link between air circulation, ocean currents, and biomes

7. Natural Capital: Generalized Map of the Earth’s Current Climate Zones

8. Global Air Circulation

9. Energy Transfer by Convection in the Atmosphere

10. Connected Deep and Shallow Ocean Currents

11. Global Air Circulation, Ocean Currents, and Biomes

12. Greenhouse Gases Warm the Lower Atmosphere  Greenhouse gases H 2 O CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O  Greenhouse effect  Human-enhanced global warming

13. Flow of Energy to and from the Earth

14. The Earth’s Surface Features Affect Local Climates  Heat absorption by land and water  Effect of Mountains Rain shadow effect Cities Microclimates

15. Rain Shadow Effect

16. 7-2 How Does Climate Affect the Nature and Locations of Biomes?  Concept 7-2 Differences in average annual precipitation and temperature lead to the formation of tropical, temperate, and cold deserts, grasslands, and forests, and largely determine their locations.

17. Climate Affects Where Organisms Can Live  Major biomes  Latitude and elevation  Annual precipitation  Temperature

18. The Earth’s Major Biomes

19. Generalized Effects of Elevation and Latitude on Climate and Biomes

20. Natural Capital: Average Precipitation and Average Temperature as Limiting Factors

21. Science Focus: Staying Alive in the Desert  Plant adaptations  Animal strategies and adaptations

22. There Are Three Major Types of Deserts  Tropical deserts  Temperate deserts  Cold deserts  Fragile ecosystem Slow plant growth Low species diversity Slow nutrient recycling Lack of water

23. Climate Graphs of Three Types of Deserts

24. There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands (1)  Tropical  Temperate  Cold (arctic tundra)

25. There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands (2)  Tropical Savanna Grazing animals Browsing animals  Temperate Tall-grass prairies Short-grass prairies

26. There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands (3)  Arctic tundra: fragile biome  Adaptations of plants and animals  Permafrost  Alpine tundra

27. Climate Graphs of Tropical, Temperate, and Cold Grasslands

28. Monoculture Crop Replacing Biologically Diverse Temperate Grassland

29. Temperate Shrubland: Nice Climate, Risky Place to Live  Chaparral  Near the sea: nice climate  Prone to fires in the dry season

30. Chaparral Vegetation in Utah, U.S.

31. There Are Three Major Types of Forests (1)  Tropical  Temperate  Cold Northern coniferous and boreal

32. There Are Three Major Types of Forests (2)  Tropical rain forests Temperature and moisture Stratification of specialized plant and animal niches Little wind: significance Rapid recycling of scarce soil nutrients Impact of human activities

33. There Are Three Major Types of Forests (3)  Temperate deciduous forests Temperature and moisture Broad-leaf trees Slow rate of decomposition: significance Impact of human activities

34. There Are Three Major Types of Forests (4)  Evergreen coniferous forests: boreal and taigas Temperature and moisture Few species of cone: bearing trees Slow decomposition: significance  Coastal coniferous forest  Temperate rain forests

35. Climate Graphs of Tropical, Temperate, and Cold Forests

36. Some Components and Interactions in a Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem

37. Stratification of Specialized Plant and Animal Niches in a Tropical Rain Forest

38. Temperate Rain Forest in Washington State, U.S.

39. Mountains Play Important Ecological Roles  Majority of the world’s forests  Habitats for endemic species  Help regulate the earth’s climate  Can affect sea levels  Major storehouses of water Role in hydrologic cycle

40. Mount Rainier National Park in Washington State, U.S.

41. 7-3 How Have We Affected the Word’s Terrestrial Ecosystems?  Concept 7-3 In many areas, human activities are impairing ecological and economic services provided by the earth’s deserts, grasslands, forests, and mountains.

42. Humans Have Disturbed Most of the Earth’s Lands  Deserts  Grasslands  Forests  Mountains

43. Major Human Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems

44. Aquatic Biodiversity Chapter 8

45. Core Case Study: Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs? (1)  Biodiversity  Formation  Important ecological and economic services Moderate atmospheric temperatures Act as natural barriers protecting coasts from erosion Provide habitats Support fishing and tourism businesses Provide jobs and building materials Studied and enjoyed

46. Core Case Study: Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs? (2)  Degradation and decline Coastal development Pollution Overfishing Warmer ocean temperatures leading to coral bleaching Increasing ocean acidity

47. A Healthy Coral Reef in the Red Sea

48. 8-1 What Is the General Nature of Aquatic Systems?  Concept 8-1A Saltwater and freshwater aquatic life zones cover almost three-fourths of the earth’s surface with oceans dominating the planet.  Concept 8-1B The key factors determining biodiversity in aquatic systems are temperature, dissolved oxygen content, availability of food and availability of light and nutrients necessary for photosynthesis.

49. Most of the Earth Is Covered with Water (1)  Saltwater: global ocean divided into 4 areas Atlantic Pacific Arctic Indian  Freshwater

50. Most of the Earth Is Covered with Water (2)  Aquatic life zones Saltwater: marine Oceans and estuaries Coastlands and shorelines Coral reefs Mangrove forests Freshwater Lakes Rivers and streams Inland wetlands

51. The Ocean Planet

52. Distribution of the World’s Major Saltwater and Freshwater Sources

53. Most Aquatic Species Live in Top, Middle, or Bottom Layers of Water (1)  Plankton Phytoplankton Zooplankton Ultraplankton  Nekton  Benthos  Decomposers

54. Most Aquatic Species Live in Top, Middle, or Bottom Layers of Water (2)  Key factors in the distribution of organisms Temperature Dissolved oxygen content Availability of food Availability of light and nutrients needed for photosynthesis in the euphotic, or photic, zone

55. 8-2 Why Are Marine Aquatic Systems Important?  Concept 8-2 Saltwater ecosystems are irreplaceable reservoirs of biodiversity and provide major ecological and economic services.

56. Oceans Provide Important Ecological and Economic Resources  Reservoirs of diversity in three major life zones Coastal zone Usually high NPP Open sea Ocean bottom

57. Major Ecological and Economic Services Provided by Marine Systems

58. Natural Capital: Major Life Zones and Vertical Zones in an Ocean

59. Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive (1)  Estuaries and coastal wetlands River mouths Inlets Bays Sounds Salt marshes Mangrove forests  Seagrass Beds Support a variety of marine species Stabilize shorelines Reduce wave impact

60. Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive (2)  Important ecological and economic services Coastal aquatic systems maintain water quality by filtering Toxic pollutants Excess plant nutrients Sediments Absorb other pollutants Provide food, timber, fuelwood, and habitats Reduce storm damage and coast erosion

61. View of an Estuary from Space

62. Some Components and Interactions in a Salt Marsh Ecosystem in a Temperate Area

63. Mangrove Forest in Daintree National Park in Queensland, Australia

64. Rocky and Sandy Shores Host Different Types of Organisms  Intertidal zone Rocky shores Sandy shores: barrier beaches  Organism adaptations necessary to deal with daily salinity and moisture changes  Importance of sand dunes

65. Living between the Tides

66. Primary and Secondary Dunes

67. Coral Reefs Are Amazing Centers of Biodiversity  Marine equivalent of tropical rain forests  Habitats for one-fourth of all marine species

68. Natural Capital: Some Components and Interactions in a Coral Reef Ecosystem

69. The Open Sea and Ocean Floor Host a Variety of Species  Vertical zones of the open sea Euphotic zone Bathyal zone Abyssal zone: receives marine snow Deposit feeders Filter feeders Upwellings  Primary productivity and NPP

70. 8-3 How Have Human Activities Affected Marine Ecosystems?  Concept 8-3 Human activities threaten aquatic biodiversity and disrupt ecological and economic services provided by saltwater systems.

71. Human Activities Are Disrupting and Degrading Marine Systems  Major threats to marine systems Coastal development Overfishing Runoff of nonpoint source pollution Point source pollution Habitat destruction Introduction of invasive species Climate change from human activities Pollution of coastal wetlands and estuaries

72. Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay—an Estuary in Trouble (1)  Largest estuary in the US; polluted since 1960  Population increased  Point and nonpoint sources raised pollution  Phosphate and nitrate levels too high

73. Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay—an Estuary in Trouble (2)  Overfishing  1983: Chesapeake Bay Program Update on recovery of the Bay Should we introduce an Asian oyster?

74. Chesapeake Bay

75. 8-4 Why Are Freshwater Ecosystems Important?  Concept 8-4 Freshwater ecosystems provide major ecological and economic services and are irreplaceable reservoirs of biodiversity.

76. Water Stands in Some Freshwater Systems and Flows in Others (1)  Standing (lentic) bodies of freshwater Lakes Ponds Inland wetlands  Flowing (lotic) systems of freshwater Streams Rivers

77. Water Stands in Some Freshwater Systems and Flows in Others (2)  Formation of lakes  Four zones based on depth and distance from shore Littoral zone Limnetic zone Profundal zone Benthic zone

78. Major Ecological and Economic Services Provided by Freshwater Systems

79. Distinct Zones of Life in a Fairly Deep Temperate Zone Lake

80. Some Lakes Have More Nutrients Than Others  Oligotrophic lakes Low levels of nutrients and low NPP  Eutrophic lakes High levels of nutrients and high NPP  Mesotrophic lakes  Cultural eutrophication leads to hypereutrophic lakes

81. The Effect of Nutrient Enrichment on a Lake

82. Freshwater Streams and Rivers Carry Water from the Mountains to the Oceans  Surface water  Runoff  Watershed, drainage basin  Three aquatic life zones Source zone Transition zone Floodplain zone

83. Three Zones in the Downhill Flow of Water

84. Case Study: Dams, Deltas, Wetlands, Hurricanes, and New Orleans  Coastal deltas, mangrove forests, and coastal wetlands: natural protection against storms  Dams and levees reduce sediments in deltas: significance?  New Orleans, Louisiana, and Hurricane Katrina: August 29, 2005  Global warming, sea rise, and New Orleans

85. New Orleans, Louisiana, (U.S.) and Hurricane Katrina

86. Projection of New Orleans if the Sea Level Rises 0.9 Meter

87. Freshwater Inland Wetlands Are Vital Sponges (1)  Marshes  Swamps  Prairie potholes  Floodplains  Arctic tundra in summer

88. Freshwater Inland Wetlands Are Vital Sponges (2)  Provide free ecological and economic services Filter and degrade toxic wastes Reduce flooding and erosion Help to replenish streams and recharge groundwater aquifers Biodiversity Food and timber Recreation areas

89. 8-5 How Have Human Activities Affected Freshwater Ecosystems?  Concept 8-5 Human activities threaten biodiversity and disrupt ecological and economic services provided by freshwater lakes, rivers, and wetlands.

90. Human Activities Are Disrupting and Degrading Freshwater Systems  Impact of dams and canals on rivers  Impact of flood control levees and dikes along rivers  Impact of pollutants from cities and farms on rivers  Impact of drained wetlands

91. Case Study: Inland Wetland Losses in the United States  Loss of wetlands has led to Increased flood and drought damage  Lost due to Growing crops Mining Forestry Oil and gas extraction Building highways Urban development