1. Advance Digital Design Hassan Bhatti, Lecture 10

2. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)  Ease of reprogramming enable rapid prototyping  Replacement of ASICs in low-volume end of the market  Register rich tiled architecture of Functional units and a flexible channel based interconnections

3. Overview Continued  ASIC Research center has xess boards with Xilinx chips on them.  Every Xilinx chip required Xilinx tool to be compiled

4. FPGA Big Idea  Basic idea: 2D array of combination logic blocks (CL) and flip-flops (FF) with a means for the user to configure both: 1. the interconnection between the logic blocks, 2. the function of each block.

5. Idealized FPGA Logic Block  4-input Look Up Table (4-LUT) 1.implements combinational logic functions  Register 1.optionally stores output of LUT 2.Latch determines whether read reg or LUT

6. Xilinx FPGA  Xilinx are pioneers in FPGA, launch first XC4000 FPGA in 1985.  Other generations like Spartan/XL etc are based on XC 4000.  Each FPGA consist of  Configurable Logic Blocks CLBs,  Routing Resources,  IOB (Input Output Buffers)  SRAM Based controller.

7. XC 4000

8. XC 4000 Continued….

9. Architecture of CLBs  Each CLB has two 4-input Lookup Tables (LUTs) and two registers.  The two LUTs implement two independent logic functions F and G.  The outputs F’ and G’ from the two LUTs inside each CLB can be combined to form a more complex function H.  CLBs are linked together to form carry and cascade chain circuits not shown in diagram).

10. Architecture of CLBs

11. Interconnect Resources of XC 4000  There are three types of interconnects 1.Dedicated Inter connects (Direct) : Lines provide routing b/w adjacent vertical and horizontal CLBs in the same row and column. 2.Double Length Lines: (Long lines) Transverse the distance of two CLBs before entering a switch matrix skipping every other CLBs. 3.Long Lines Span (Global): The entire array vertically and horizontally. They have splitters that segment the lines.

12. XC 4000 Interconnect ….

15. Inside Interconnects

16. Architecture Of PIP  Break Point PIP Connect or isolates two wire segments  Cross point PIP Turn Corners  Multiplex PIP Directional and buffered Select one of n input to output

17. XC 4000 IOB

18. Example  Implement the following functions on a single  CLB of the XC4000 FPGA:  X = A’B’ (C + D)  Y = AK + BK + C’D’K + AEJL  Use look up table F to implement X  Use look up table G for AEJL  Use F, G and H for Y:  Y = K(A+B + C’D’) + AEJL  = KX’ + AEJL= KF’+G

19. Illustrated

20. Spartan 2  ASIC Center got Xess-100 which has spartan-2 board.  The architecture is based on XC-4000.

21. Inside the Board

22. Spartan-3E Architecture Fundamental Elements Configurable Logic Blocks (CLBs) –Consists of RAM based look up table to implement logic and storage elements that can be used as flip-flops or latches. Input Output Blocks (IOBs) –Controls the flow of data between IO pins and internal logic. Supports many different signal standards. (Tri-state, bidirectional, LVTTL, etc. Block RAM (BRAM) 18 bit Multiplier Blocks Digital Clock Manager (DCM)

25. Spartan 3 Configurable Logic Blocks (CLB’s) CLBs contain Ram based lookup tables to implement logic and storage elements that can be used as flip-flops or latches. CLBs can be programmed to perform a wide variety of logic functions as well as store data.

28. Spartan 3E IO Blocks (IOB’s) IOB’s control flow of data between IO pins and the internal logic. Each IOB supports bidirectional data flow, 3-state operation, and numerous different signal standards. (We will typically use LVTTL). See data sheet.

29. Very low cost, high-performance logic solution for high-volume, consumer-oriented applications Multi-voltage, multi-standard SelectIO™ interface pins - Up to 376 I/O pins or 156 differential signal pairs - LVCMOS, LVTTL, HSTL, and SSTL single-ended signal standards - 3.3V, 2.5V, 1.8V, 1.5V, and 1.2V signaling

31. I/O block continued

32. CLB’s – four slices per CLB

33. Top slice of CLB

35. Virtex Basic Architecture I/O Blocks (IOBs) Configurable Logic Blocks (CLBs) Configurable Logic Blocks (CLBs) Clock Management (DCMs, BUFGMUXes) Block SelectRAM™ resource Block SelectRAM™ resource Dedicated multipliers Programmable interconnect

36. Slices and CLBs Each Virtex  -II CLB contains four slices –Local routing provides feedback between slices in the same CLB, and it provides routing to neighboring CLBs –A switch matrix provides access to general routing resources CIN Switch Matrix BUFT Slice S0 Slice S1 Local Routing Slice S2 Slice S3 CIN SHIFT

37. Slice Structure The next few slides discuss the slice features –LUTs –MUXF5, MUXF6, MUXF7, MUXF8 (only the F5 and F6 MUX are shown in this diagram) –Carry Logic –MULT_ANDs –Sequential Elements

38. Combinatorial Logic A B C D Z Look-Up Tables Combinatorial logic is stored in Look-Up Tables (LUTs) –Also called Function Generators (FGs) –Capacity is limited by the number of inputs, not by the complexity Delay through the LUT is constant ABCDZ 00000 00010 00100 00111 01001 01011... 11000 11010 11100 11111

39. Connecting Look-Up Tables F5 F8 F5 F6 CLB Slice S3 Slice S2 Slice S0 Slice S1 F5 F7 F5 F6 MUXF8 combines the two MUXF7 outputs (from the CLB above or below) MUXF6 combines slices S2 and S3 MUXF7 combines the two MUXF6 outputs MUXF6 combines slices S0 and S1 MUXF5 combines LUTs in each slice

40. Fast Carry Logic Simple, fast, and complete arithmetic Logic –Dedicated XOR gate for single-level sum completion –Uses dedicated routing resources –All synthesis tools can infer carry logic

41. CO DICI S LUT CY_MUX CY_XOR MULT_AND A B A x B LUT MULT_AND Gate Highly efficient multiply and add implementation –Earlier FPGA architectures require two LUTs per bit to perform the multiplication and addition –The MULT_AND gate enables an area reduction by performing the multiply and the add in one LUT per bit

42. D CE PRE CLR Q FDCPE D CE S R Q FDRSE D CE PRE CLR Q LDCPE G _1 Flexible Sequential Elements Either flip-flops or latches Two in each slice; eight in each CLB Inputs come from LUTs or from an independent CLB input Separate set and reset controls –Can be synchronous or asynchronous All controls are shared within a slice –Control signals can be inverted locally within a slice

43. Shift Register LUT (SRL16CE) Dynamically addressable serial shift registers –Maximum delay of 16 clock cycles per LUT (128 per CLB) –Cascadable to other LUTs or CLBs for longer shift registers Dedicated connection from Q15 to D input of the next SRL16CE –Shift register length can be changed asynchronously by toggling address A LUT DQ CE DQ DQ DQ LUT D CE CLK A[3:0] Q Q15 (cascade out)

44. IOB Element Input path –Two DDR registers Output path –Two DDR registers –Two 3-state enable DDR registers Separate clocks and clock enables for I and O Set and reset signals are shared Reg DDR MUX 3-state OCK1 OCK2 Reg DDR MUX Output OCK1 OCK2 PAD Reg Input ICK1 ICK2 IOB

45. SelectIO Standard Allows direct connections to external signals of varied voltages and thresholds –Optimizes the speed/noise tradeoff –Saves having to place interface components onto your board Differential signaling standards –LVDS, BLVDS, ULVDS –LDT –LVPECL Single-ended I/O standards –LVTTL, LVCMOS (3.3V, 2.5V, 1.8V, and 1.5V) –PCI-X at 133 MHz, PCI (3.3V at 33 MHz and 66 MHz) –GTL, GTLP –and more!

46. Digital Controlled Impedance (DCI) DCI provides –Output drivers that match the impedance of the traces –On-chip termination for receivers and transmitters DCI advantages –Improves signal integrity by eliminating stub reflections –Reduces board routing complexity and component count by eliminating external resistors –Eliminates the effects of temperature, voltage, and process variations by using an internal feedback circuit

47. Other Virtex-II Features Distributed RAM and block RAM –Distributed RAM uses the CLB resources (1 LUT = 16 RAM bits) –Block RAM is a dedicated resources on the device (18-kb blocks) Dedicated 18 x 18 multipliers next to block RAMs Clock management resources –Sixteen dedicated global clock multiplexers –Digital Clock Managers (DCMs)

48. Distributed SelectRAM Resources Uses a LUT in a slice as memory Synchronous write Asynchronous read –Accompanying flip-flops can be used to create synchronous read RAM and ROM are initialized during configuration –Data can be written to RAM after configuration Emulated dual-port RAM –One read/write port –One read-only port RAM16X1S O D WE WCLK A0 A1 A2 A3 LUT RAM32X1S O D WE WCLK A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 RAM16X1D SPO D WE WCLK A0 A1 A2 A3 DPRA0DPO DPRA1 DPRA2 DPRA3 Slice LUT

49. Block SelectRAM Resources Up to 3.5 Mb of RAM in 18-kb blocks –Synchronous read and write True dual-port memory –Each port has synchronous read and write capability –Different clocks for each port Supports initial values Synchronous reset on output latches Supports parity bits –One parity bit per eight data bits DIA DIPA ADDRA WEA ENA SSRA CLKA DIB DIPB WEB ADDRB ENB SSRB DOA CLKB DOPA DOPB DOB 18-kb block SelectRAM memory

50. Dedicated Multiplier Blocks 18-bit twos complement signed operation Optimized to implement Multiply and Accumulate functions Multipliers are physically located next to block SelectRAM™ memory 18 x 18 Multiplier 18 x 18 Multiplier Output (36 bits) Data_A (18 bits) Data_B (18 bits) 4 x 4 signed 8 x 8 signed 12 x 12 signed 18 x 18 signed

51. Global Clock Routing Resources Sixteen dedicated global clock multiplexers –Eight on the top-center of the die, eight on the bottom-center –Driven by a clock input pad, a DCM, or local routing Global clock multiplexers provide the following: –Traditional clock buffer (BUFG) function –Global clock enable capability (BUFGCE) –Glitch-free switching between clock signals (BUFGMUX) Up to eight clock nets can be used in each clock region of the device –Each device contains four or more clock regions

52. Digital Clock Manager (DCM) Up to twelve DCMs per device –Located on the top and bottom edges of the die –Driven by clock input pads DCMs provide the following: –Delay-Locked Loop (DLL) –Digital Frequency Synthesizer (DFS) –Digital Phase Shifter (DPS) Up to four outputs of each DCM can drive onto global clock buffers –All DCM outputs can drive general routing

53. Spartan-3 versus Virtex-II Lower cost Smaller process = lower core voltage –.09 micron versus.15 micron –Vccint = 1.2V versus 1.5V Different I/O standard support –New standards: 1.2V LVCMOS, 1.8V HSTL, and SSTL –Default is LVCMOS, versus LVTTL More I/O pins per package Only one-half of the slices support RAM or SRL16s (SLICEM) Fewer block RAMs and multiplier blocks –Same size and functionality Eight global clock multiplexers Two or four DCM blocks No internal 3-state buffers –3-state buffers are in the I/O

54. SLICEM and SLICEL Each Spartan™-3 CLB contains four slices –Similar to the Virtex™-II Slices are grouped in pairs –Left-hand SLICEM (Memory) LUTs can be configured as memory or SRL16 –Right-hand SLICEL (Logic) LUT can be used as logic only CIN Switch Matrix COUT Slice X0Y0 Slice X0Y1 Fast Connects Slice X1Y0 Slice X1Y1 CIN SHIFTIN Left-Hand SLICEM Right-Hand SLICEL SHIFTOUT

55. Spartan-3E Features More gates per I/O than Spartan-3 Removed some I/O standards –Higher-drive LVCMOS –GTL, GTLP –SSTL2_II –HSTL_II_18, HSTL_I, HSTL_III –LVDS_EXT, ULVDS DDR Cascade –Internal data is presented on a single clock edge 16 BUFGMUXes on left and right sides –Drive half the chip only –In addition to eight global clocks Pipelined multipliers Additional configuration modes –SPI, BPI –Multi-Boot mode

56. Virtex-II Pro Features 0.13 micron process Up to 24 RocketIO™ Multi-Gigabit Transceiver (MGT) blocks –Serializer and deserializer (SERDES) –Fibre Channel, Gigabit Ethernet, XAUI, Infiniband compliant transceivers, and others –8-, 16-, and 32-bit selectable FPGA interface –8B/10B encoder and decoder PowerPC™ RISC processor blocks –Thirty-two 32-bit General Purpose Registers (GPRs) –Low power consumption: 0.9mW/MHz –IBM CoreConnect bus architecture support