2. Fact v.s Opinion Objective v.s. Subjective Understanding the Difference

3. What is Reliability & Validity? Reliability – is the text dependable? Validity – Is it correct?

4. On the Test… On the FCAT, you will be asked questions about the validity and reliability of an author’s claims in a passage. For instance, what makes a particular author qualified to write about a subject? Or what does the author use to support the main points of the essay? (For example, does the author use personal opinions, common knowledge, or expert opinions?) To answer these questions, it is best to understand where the source of information is coming from.

5. Primary Sources Primary sources are written by people who witnessed or participated in an event Memoirs Interviews Letters Diaries Autobiographies

6. Secondary Sources Secondary sources are one step removed from the actual event - the information is second hand knowledge. The author has read primary sources and evaluates or analyzes the event. Text books Histories Articles Encyclopedias Biographies

7. Fact versus Opinion Fact: something known to be true; something that can be shown to be true, to have existed, or to have happened. Opinion: a view or judgment formed in the mind about a particular issue

8. Identify whether each of the following statements are facts or opinions. 1.Lexington is a boring city. 2.People with blonde hair and blue eyes are the most beautiful people in the world. 3.Racism is a problem in America. 4.Young people are less experienced and knowledgeable than older people. 5.Hip-hop videos are insulting to women.

9. Let’s Practice!! Let’s create a two column Fact and Opinion Column Note chart to identify the differences between facts & opinions. Take a sheet of paper and fold it in half “hot dog” style – long way In the column on the left write Facts and in the column on the right write Opinions. Your chart should look like the model on the board.

10. Objective verses Subjective Objective: a point of view that is not influenced by personal feelings or prejudice; based on facts; unbiased Subjective: a point of view that is based on a person’s own moods, attitudes, and opinions Bias: a point of view or interpretation that is slated or inspired with prejudice and personal feelings.

11. How do you know if a statement is objective? Objective is... Observable Factual Describable Countable Truthful Examples: There are 32 desks in this room. The forecast says there is a 30% chance of snow. Hitler was a German leader.

12. How do you know if a statement is subjective.? Subjective is... Opinion Judgment Assumption Belief Rumor Suspicion Subjectivity implies polarity and may emphasize one extreme or the other (good or bad, best or worst) Some SUBJECTIVE WORDS TO LOOK FOR: famous, notable, great, etc; any reference to size: large, small, tall, short, etc; or distance: near, far, etc; character traits: beautiful, evil, friendly, greedy, honest, intelligent, old, popular, ugly, young, etc

13. Key Words Some SUBJECTIVE WORDS TO LOOK FOR: famous, notable, great, etc; any reference to size: large, small, tall, short, etc; or distance: near, far, etc; character trait: beautiful, evil, friendly, greedy, honest, intelligent, old, popular, ugly, young, etc

14. Look for the 3 “R’s” Reliable – Have you heard of the author? Has your teacher mentioned the author? What are the author’s credentials? Is the author biased or objective? Recent – When was the book/article published? Has it been updated or revised? Current events need to be up to date. Periodicals usually provide the most recent information. Relevant – Does the book have material you can use? Does it support your research? Is it related to your topic or is it just interesting data?

15. Now you know. Now what? Once you have identified the facts and opinions and the objective and subjective statements, what do you do now? You practice a very important skill: identify the reliability and validity of an argument presented to you by the author. In the piece we’re going to read, you should locate objective and subjective statements made by the author (the writer of the article).