1. 3
Word Structure

2. 3.1 Morphemes What is morpheme? sun, book, fine, eat, well
Each is a morpheme.

3. 3.1 Morphemes internationalization
inter + nation + al + iz[e] + ation (5 parts)
Each is a morpheme.
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.

4. 3.1 Morphemes Morpheme Word
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.
A word is the smallest free form of a language…

5. Morph
Morpheme
Allomorph

6. 3.2 Morph, Morpheme Allomorph
bird /bə:d/, tree /tri:/, green /gri:n/
BUT
plural morpheme {s}
cats /s/, bags /z/, matches /iz/

7. 3.2 Morph & Morpheme plural morpheme {s} {s} {es} cats, bags, matches

8. 3.2 Morph & Allomorph plural morpheme {s}
cats /s/, bags /z/, matches /iz/
/s/ /z/ /iz/
allomorph
morph
morph
morph

9. past tense morpheme {ed}
worked, helped
tried, lived
wanted, landed

10. 3.2 Morph & Morpheme {d} {ed} past tense morpheme {-ed}
helped lived wanted
{d} {ed}
morpheme
morph
morph

11. 3.2 Morph & Allomorphs past tense morpheme {-ed} helped lived wanted
/t/ /d/ /id/
allomorph
morph
morph
morph

12. 3.2 Morph\Morpheme/Allomorphs
Morpheme is a class of orthographical forms.
Allomorph is a class of phonological forms.
A member of either class is a morph.
Morphs make up morpheme or allomorph.

13. 3.3 Types of Morphemes 1. Free morphemes and bound morphemes
sun, book, fine, eat, well
internationalization
inter + nation + al + iz[e] + ation
sun, book, fine, eat, well, nation
inter- -al -ize -ation
free
bound

14. 3.3 Types of Morphemes Root sun, book, fine, eat, well, nation
Affix: prefix suffix
inter- -al -ize -ation
inter-
-al -ize -ation
= root
= affix
prefix
suffix

15. 3.3 Types of Morphemes antecedent: ante-, -ced-, -ent
ante- = before (prefix)
-ced- = go to, approach
-ent = person, thing (suffix)
prediction: pre-, dict-, -ion
pre- = before (prefix)
-dict- = speak
-ion = action, process (suffix)
(bound root)
(bound root)

16. 3.3 Types of Morphemes
free
root
bound
prefix
Affix
suffix
bound

17. 3.3 Types of Morphemes 2. Derivational and inflectional M
Root: sun, book, fine, eat, well
(internationalization)
inter + nation + al + iz[e] + ation
Root: nation
Affix: inter- -al -ize -ation
derivational

18. 3.3 Types of Morphemes lives -s goes -es He is working. -ing
wanted -ed
poorer -er
poorest -est
books -s
oxen -en
inflectional

19. 3.3 Types of Morphemes Summary: free M bound root root prefix
derivational
affix
suffix
inflectional

20. 3.3 Types of Morphemes 3. Content and grammatical M
content M = derivational M
roots & affixes used to create new words
grammatical M ≠ inflectional M
(but) inflectional M + functional words

21. 3.4 Identifying Morphemes
pre-urbanization
/pre-/urban/iz/ation M
unfriendliness
/un/friend/li/ness M

22. 3.4 Identifying Morphemes
BUT
teacher – er = person
laser – er ?
tower – er ?
cleaner – er = sth and person
trailer – er = vehicle
The same form may not be the same morpheme, with the same meaning.

23. 3.4 Identifying Morphemes
strawberry 草莓
cranberry 越橘
huckleberry 越橘
straw- = no meaning
cran- = no meaning
huckle- = no meaning
berry = not productive

24. 3.4 Identifying Morphemes
flame, flare, flash, flicker
fl- : moving light
glare, gleam, glow, glisten
gl- : static light
slippery, slick, slide, slime
sl- : light and slippery wetness
fl- gl- sl- ≠ morphemes

25. 3.4 Identifying Morphemes
desks glasses oxen
-s -es -en = plural
man—men foot—feet sheep—sheep
loved landed
-d -ed = past tense
go—went teach—taught
problematic

26. 3.5 Root, Stem, Base root: 1. cannot be further divided
2. carries the fundamental meaning
touch = root

27. 3.5 Root, Stem, Base
stem: 1. the part that remains after removing inflectional affix or
2. the part which can take inflectional affix
touches touched touching
touch = root, stem
touch+able = stem
un+touch+able = stem s s

28. 3.5 Root, Stem, Base
base: the part that can take affix of any kind (derivational or inflectional)
touch + -es/-ed = root, stem, base
touchable + -s = stem, base
untouchable + -s = stem, base

29. Summary 1. Morpheme 2. Morphs and Allomorphs Free Morpheme
Bound Morpheme
Derivational M
Inflectional M
3. Classifying Morphemes
4. Identifying Morphemes
Content M
Grammatical M
5. Morpheme and Word-formation

30. END