1. 1 Original Author : Turgay Korkmaz e-mail: korkmaz@cs.utsa.edu web: www.cs.utsa.edu/~korkmazwww.cs.utsa.edu/~korkmaz Revised for ME2008 Spring—(2009_ME2008a_C ( NTUST.ME) CS 2073 Computer Programming w/ Eng. Applications – (ch2) Simple C Programs

2. 2 Program Structure

3. 3 Thinking : Q1 1. Problem statement Compute the straight line distance between two points in a plane 2. Input/output description Point 1 (x1, y1) Point 2 (x2, y2) Distance between two points (distance) (x1,y1) (x2, y2) URL Source: http://www.cs.utsa.edu/~korkmaz/teaching/cs2073/ ( Ch1).http://www.cs.utsa.edu/~korkmaz/teaching/cs2073/

4. 4 3. Hand example Example Q1(cont’d) side1 = 4 - 1 = 3 side2 = 7 - 5 = 2

5. 5 Example 1(cont’d) 4. Algorithm development and coding a. Generalize the hand solution and list/outline the necessary operations step-by-step 1) Give specific values for point1 (x1, y1) and point2 (x2, y2) 2) Compute side1=x2-x1 and side2=y2-y1 3) Compute 4) Print distance b. Convert the above outlined solution to a program using any language you want (see next slide for C imp.)

6. 6 Example 1(cont’d)

7. 7 5. Testing After compiling your program, run it and see if it gives the correct result. Your program should print out The distance between two points is 3.61 If not, what will you do?

8. 8 Modification to Example 1 x1=2, y1=5, x2=10, y2=8, How will you find the distance between two other points (2,5) and (10,8)?

9. 9 /*-----------------------------------------*/ /* Program chapter1_1 */ /* This program computes the */ /* distance between two points. */ #include int main(void) { /* Declare and initialize variables. */ double x1=1, y1=5, x2=4, y2=7, side_1, side_2, distance; /* Compute sides of a right triangle. */ side_1 = x2 - x1; side_2 = y2 - y1; distance = sqrt(side_1*side_1 + side_2*side_2); /* Print distance. */ printf("The distance between the two points is " "%5.2f \n",distance); /* Exit program. */ system("pause"); return 0; } /*-----------------------------------------*/ Comments Preprocessor, standard C library main function: No parameters, return type is int {  begin Variable declarations, initial values Statements indentation return 0 }  end of function

10. 10 General Form preprocessing directives int main(void) { declarations statements } The main function contains two types of commands: declarations and statements Declarations and statements are required to end with a semicolon ( ; ) Preprocessor directives do not end with a semicolon To exit the program, use a return 0; statement

11. 11 Another Program /***************************************************/ /* Program chapter1 */ /* This program computes the sum of two numbers */ #include int main(void) { /* Declare and initialize variables. */ double number1 = 473.91, number2 = 45.7, sum; /* Calculate sum. */ sum = number1 + number2; /* Print the sum. */ printf(“The sum is %5.2f \n”, sum); /* Exit program. */ return 0; } /****************************************************/

12. 12 2.2 Constants and Variables A variable is a memory location that is assigned a name or an identifier An identifier is used to reference a memory location. Memory snapshot

13. 13 Memory 1 = 00000001 7 = 00000111 ? = 01001101 0123456…0123456… x1 x2 distance address name Memory - content How many memory cells does your computer have? Say it says 2Gbyte memory? 1K=10 3 or 2 10 = 1024 1M=10 6 or 2 20 = 1024 2 1G=10 9 or 2 30 = 1024 3

14. 14 Rules for selecting a valid identifier (variable name) Must begin with an alphabetic character or underscore May contain only letters, digits and underscore (no special characters) Case sensitive Can not use keywords as identifiers

15. 15 Are the following Valid Identifiers? distance 1x x_1 rate% x_sum switch initial_time DisTaNce X&Y

16. 16 C Numeric Data Types

17. 17 Example Data-Type Limits

18. 18 C Character Data Type: char In memory, everything is stored as binary value, which can be interpreted as char or integer. Examples of ASCII Codes char result =‘Y’;

19. 19 Memory How to represent ‘a’ ? char My_letter=‘a’; int My_number = 97 Always we have 1’s and 0’s in the memory, it depends how you look at it? For example, 01100001 is 97 if you look at it as int, or ‘a’ if you look at it as char ‘3’ is not the same as 3 How to represent 2.5? ‘a’= 01100001 97 = 01100001 ? = 01001101 0123456…0123456… My_number address name Memory - content My_letter

20. 20 Program to Print Values as Characters and Integers

21. 21 Constants A constant is a specific value that we use in our programs. For example 3.14, 97, ‘a’, or “hello” In your program, int a = 97; char b =‘a’; double area, r=2.0; double circumference; area = 3.14 * r*r; circumference = 2 * 3.14 * r; 01100001 ? ? 2.0 a b area circumf erence r

22. 22 Symbolic Constants What if you want to use a better estimate of  ? For example, you want 3.141593 instead of 3.14. You need to replace all by hand  Better solution, define  as a symbolic constant, e.g. #define PI 3.141593 … area = PI * r * r; circumference = 2 * PI * r; Defined with a preprocessor directive Compiler replaces each occurrence of the directive identifier with the constant value in all statements that follow the directive

23. 23 2.3 Assignment Statements Used to assign a value to a variable General Form: identifier = expression; /* ‘=‘ means assign expression to identifier */ Example 1 double sum = 0; Example 2 int x; x=5; Example 3 char ch; ch = ‘a’; 0 5 ‘a’ sum x ch

24. 24 Assignment examples (cont’d) Example 3 int x, y, z; x = y = 0; right to left! Z = 1+1; Example 4 y=z; y=5; 0 0 2 xyzxyz 2 5

25. 25 Assignment examples with different types int a, b=5; double c=2.3; … a=c; /* data loss */ c=b; /* no data loss */ ? 5 2.3 abcabc 2 5.0 long double, double, float, long integer, integer, short integer, char  Data may be lost. Be careful!  No data loss

26. 26 Arithmetic Operators Addition+sum = num1 + num2; Subtraction-age = 2007 – my_birth_year; Multiplication*area = side1 * side2; Division/avg = total / number; Modulus%lastdigit = num % 10; Modulus returns remainder of division between two integers Example 5%2 returns a value of 1 Binary vs. Unary operators All the above operators are binary (why) - is an unary operator, e.g., a = -3 * -4

27. 27 Arithmetic Operators (cont’d) Note that ‘id = exp‘ means assign the result of exp to id, so X=X+1 means first perform X+1 and Assign the result to X Suppose X is 4, and We execute X=X+1 4 X 5

28. 28 Integer division vs Real division Division between two integers results in an integer. The result is truncated, not rounded Example: int A=5/3;  A will have the value of 1 int B=3/6;  B will have the value of 0 To have floating point values: double A=5.0/3;  A will have the value of 1.666 double B=3.0/6.0;  B will have the value of 0.5

29. 29 Precedence of Arithmetic Operators Mixed operations: int a=4+6/3*2;  a=? int b=(4+6)/3*2;  b=? a= 4+2*2 = 4+4 = 8 b= 10/3*2 = 3*2= 6 5 assign = Right to left

30. 30 Exercise Compute the following 2*(3+2) 2*3+2 6-3*2 Area of trapezoid area = 1.0/2*base*(height_1+height_2);

31. 31 Exercise Write a C statement to compute the following f = (x*x*x-2*x*x+x-6.3)/(x*x+0.05*x+3.14); Write a C statement to compute the following Tension = 2*m1*m2 / m1 + m2 * g; Tension = 2*m1*m2 / (m1 + m2) * g Wrong !!

32. 32 Increment and Decrement Operators Increment Operator ++ post incrementx++; pre increment++x; Decrement Operator -- post decrementx--; pre decrement--x; } x=x+1; } x=x-1; But, the difference is in the following example. Suppose x=10; A = x++ - 5; means A=x-5; x=x+1; so, A= 5 and x=11 B =++x - 5; means x=x+1; B=x-5; so, B=6 and x=11

33. 33 Abbreviated Assignment Operator operatorexampleequivalent statement +=x+=2; x=x+2; -=x-=2;x=x-2; *=x*=y;x=x*y; /=x/=y;x=x/y; %=x%=y;x=x%y; !!! x *= 4+2/3  x = x*4+2/3 wrong x=x*(4+2/3) correct

34. 34 Precedence of Arithmetic Operators (updated)

35. 35 Exercise: swap Write a set of statements that swaps the contents of variables x and y 35 x y 53 x y BeforeAfter

36. 36 Exercise: swap First Attempt x=y; y=x; 35 x y 55 x y BeforeAfter x=y 55 x y After y=x

37. 37 Exercise: swap Solution temp= x; x=y; y=temp; 35 x y Before ? temp 35 x y after temp=x 3 temp 55 x y after x=y 3 temp 53 x y after y = temp 3 temp

38. 38 Exercise: reverse a number Suppose you are given a number in the range [100 999] Write a program to reverse it For example, num is 258 reverse is 852 int d1, d2, d3, num=258, reverse; d1 = num / 100; d2 = num % 100 / 10; d3 = num % 10; reverse = d3*100 + d2*10 + d1; printf(“reverse is %d\n”, reverse); d1 = num / 100; d3 = num % 10; reverse = num – (d1*100+d3) + d3*100 + d1;

39. 39 Exercise: Arithmetic operations Show the memory snapshot after the following operations by hand int a, b, c=5; double x, y; a = c * 2.5; b = a % c * 2 - 1; x = (5 + c) * 2.5; y = x – (-3 * a) / 2; Write a C program and print out the values of a, b, c, x, y and compare them with the ones that you determined by hand. ? ? 5 ? ? abcxyabcxy a = 12 b = 3 c= 5 x = 25.0000 y = 43.0000

40. 40 Exercise: Arithmetic operations Show how C will perform the following statements and what will be the final output? int a = 6, b = -3, c = 2; c= a - b * (a + c * 2) + a / 2 * b; printf("Value of c = %d \n", c);

41. 41 Step-by-step show how C will perform the operations c = 6 - -3 * (6 + 2 * 2) + 6 / 2 * -3; c = 6 - -3 * (6 + 4) + 3 * -3 c = 6 - -3 *10 + -9 c = 6 - -30 + -9 c = 36 + -9 c = 27 output: Value of c = 27

42. 42 Standard Input and Output Output: printf Input: scanf Remember the program computing the distance between two points! /* Declare and initialize variables. */ double x1=1, y1=5, x2=4, y2=7, side_1, side_2, distance; How can we compute distance for different points? It would be better to get new points from user, right? For this we will use scanf To use these functions, we need to use #include

43. 43 Standard Output printf Function prints information to the screen requires two arguments control string Contains text, conversion specifiers or both Identifier to be printed Example double angle = 45.5; printf(“Angle = %.2f degrees \n”, angle); Output: Angle = 45.50 degrees Control String Identifier Conversion Specifier

44. 44 Conversion Specifiers for Output Statements Frequently Used

45. 45 Standard Output Output of -145Output of 157.8926 SpecifierValue Printed %f157.892600 %6.2f157.89 %7.3f157.893 %7.4f157.8926 %7.5f157.89260 %e1.578926e+02 %.3E1.579E+02 SpecifierValue Printed %i-145 %4d-145 %3i-145 %6i__-145 %-6i-145__ %8i____-145 %-8i-145____

46. 46 Exercise printf("Sum = %5i; Average = %7.1f \n", sum, average); printf("Sum = %4i \n Average = %8.4f \n", sum, average); printf("Sum and Average \n\n %d %.1f \n", sum, average); printf("Character is %c; Sum is %c \n", ch, sum); printf("Character is %i; Sum is %i \n", ch, sum); int sum = 65; double average = 12.368; char ch = ‘b’; Show the output line (or lines) generated by the following statements.

47. 47 Exercise (cont’d) Solution Sum = 65; Average = 12.4 Sum = 65 Average = 12.3680 Sum and Average 65 12.4 Character is b; Sum is A Character is 98; Sum is 65

48. 48 Standard Input scanf Function inputs values from the keyboard required arguments control string memory locations that correspond to the specifiers in the control string Example: double distance; char unit_length; scanf("%lf %c", &distance, &unit_length); X It is very important to use a specifier that is appropriate for the data type of the variable

49. 49 Conversion Specifiers for Input Statements Frequently Used

50. 50 Exercise float f; int i; scanf(“%f %i”,&f,&i); What will be the values stored in f and i after scanf statement if following values are entered 12.5 1 12 45 12 23.2 12.1 10 12 1

51. 51 Good practice You don’t need to have a printf before scanf, but it is good to let user know what to enter: printf(“Enter x y : ”); scanf(“%d %d”, &x, &y); Otherwise, user will not know what to do! What will happen if you forget & before the variable name?

52. 52 Exercise: How to input two points without re-compiling the program printf(“enter x1 y1: “); scanf(“%lf %lf“, &x1, &y1); printf(“enter x2 y2: “); scanf(“%lf %lf“, &x2, &y2);

53. 53 Skip Study Section 2.5 and 2.6 from the textbook

54. 54 Library Functions

55. 55 2.7 Math Functions #include fabs(x)Absolute value of x. sqrt(x)Square root of x, where x>=0. pow(x,y)Exponentiation, x y. Errors occur if x=0 and y<=0, or if x<0 and y is not an integer. ceil(x)Rounds x to the nearest integer toward  (infinity). Example, ceil(2.01) is equal to 3. floor(x)Rounds x to the nearest integer toward -  (negative infinity). Example, floor(2.01) is equal to 2. exp(x)Computes the value of e x. log(x)Returns ln x, the natural logarithm of x to the base e. Errors occur if x<=0. log10(x)Returns log10x, logarithm of x to the base 10. Errors occur if x<=0.

56. 56 Trigonometric Functions sin(x)Computes the sine of x, where x is in radians. cos(x)Computes the cosine of x, where x is in radians tan(x)Computes the tangent of x, where x is in radians. asin(x)Computes the arcsine or inverse sine of x, where x must be in the range [-1, 1]. Returns an angle in radians in the range [-  /2,  /2]. acos(x)Computes the arccosine or inverse cosine of x, where x must be in the range [-1, 1]. Returns an angle in radians in the range [0,  ]. atan(x)Computes the arctangent or inverse tangent of x. The Returns an angle in radians in the range [-  /2,  /2]. atan2(y,x) Computes the arctangent or inverse tangent of the value y/x. Returns an angle in radians in the range [- ,  ].

57. 57 Parameters or Arguments of a function A function may contain no argument or contain one or more arguments If more than one argument, list the arguments in the correct order Be careful about the meaning of an argument. For example, sin(x) assumes that x is given in radians, so to compute the sin of 60 degree, you need to first conver 60 degree into radian then call sin function: #define PI 3.141593 theta = 60; theta_rad = theata * PI / 180; b = sin(theta_rad); /* is not the same as sin(theta); */

58. 58 Exercise Write an expression to compute velocity using the following equation Assume that the variables are declared velocity = sqrt(vo*vo+2*a*(x-xo));

59. 59 Exercise Write an expression to compute velocity using the following equation Assume that the variables are declared center = (38.19*(pow(r,3)-pow(s,3))*sin(a))/ ((pow(r,2)-pow(s,2))*a);

60. 60 Exercise: Compute Volume Write a program to compute the volume of a cylinder of radius r and height h h r

61. 61 Solution: Compute Volume Problem Solving Methodology 1. Problem Statement 2. Input/Output Description 3. Hand Example 4. Algorithm Development 5. Testing

62. 62 Solution: Compute Volume (cont’d) Problem Statement compute the volume of a cylinder of radius r and height h Input Output Description radius height volume

63. 63 Solution: Compute Volume (cont’d) Hand example r=2, h =3, v=37.68 Algorithm Development Read radius Read height Compute Volume Print volume Convert to a program (see next slide)

64. 64 Solution: Compute Volume (cont’d) #include #define PI 3.141593 int main(void) { /* Declare Variables */ double radius, height, volume; /* Get Radius from Keyboard */ printf("Enter radius: \n"); scanf("%lf",&radius); /* Get Height from Keyboard */ printf("Enter height: \n"); scanf("%lf",&height); /* Compute Volune */ volume = PI*radius*radius*height; /* Print volume */ printf("Volume = %8.3f \n",volume); /* exit program */ system("pause"); exit(0); }

65. 65 Exercise Write a program to find the radius of a circle given its area. Read area from user. Compute radius and display it. r

66. 66 2.8 Character Functions #include putchar(‘a’); C= getchar(); toupper(ch)If ch is a lowercase letter, this function returns the corresponding uppercase letter; otherwise, it returns ch isdigit(ch)Returns a nonzero value if ch is a decimal digit; otherwise, it returns a zero. islower(ch)Returns a nonzero value if ch is a lowercase letter; otherwise, it returns a zero. isupper(ch)Returns a nonzero value if ch is an uppercase letter; otherwise, it returns a zero. isalpha(ch)Returns a nonzero value if ch is an uppercase letter or a lowercase letter; otherwise, it returns a zero. isalnum(ch)Returns a nonzero value if ch is an alphabetic character or a numeric digit; otherwise, it returns a zero.

67. 67 Exercise What is the output of the following program #include int main(void) { char ch1='a', ch2; char ch3='X', ch4; char ch5='8'; ch2 = toupper(ch1); printf("%c %c \n",ch1,ch2); ch4 = tolower(ch3); printf("%c %c \n",ch3,ch4); printf("%d\n",isdigit(ch5)); printf("%d\n",islower(ch1)); printf("%d\n",isalpha(ch5)); system("pause"); return(0); }