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Published byElla Clark Modified over 9 years ago
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Ocean Chemistry Chemical Properties Physical Properties
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Foundations Aristotle Robert Boyle Edmund Halley Count Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli Antoine Laurent Lavosier Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac Alexander Marcet Johann Georg Forchhammer William Dittmar Justus von Liebig James Johnstone Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky Alfred Redfield
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Forms of Matter
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The Water Molecule
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Dissolving Ability Universal solvent Polar nature & hydrogen bonding
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Conservative ions Major constituents have very constant ratios to one another Not generally removed or added by living organisms Nonconservative ions Change concentrations depending on season, locale and biological processes
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Dissolved Gases The most abundant gases in the atmosphere and in the oceans: Nitrogen (N 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
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Dissolved Gases Saturation concentration The maximum amount of any gas that can be held in solution Temp, salinity & pressure Solubility has an inverse relationship with temp and salinity Solubility has a direct relationship with pressure
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Distribution with Depth Photosynthesis Sunlight + H 2 O + CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Respiration Organics + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy Decomposition Uses up oxygen
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O2O2 Hypoxic Anoxic Anaerobic
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O 2 and CO 2 CO 2 45 – 54 mL/L Oxygen minimum zone
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Sources of Salt Continental weathering Riverine input Volcanic gases
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Source (& Sink) of Salt Hydrothermal vents Discovered in 1977 Geyser on the seafloor Spews super-hot, mineral-rich water Very biodiverse
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Source (& Sink) of Salts Hydrothermal vents Black Smokers Hottest of the vents Spew iron and sulfide, which combine to form iron monosulfide (FeS) White Smokers Cooler temp Barium, Calcium and Silicon
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Regulating the Salt Balance - Sources & Sinks
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Residence Time RT = Amount of ion Rate of input or removal
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CO 2 and The World Ocean
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The pH of Seawater H+ Hydrogen cation OH- Hydroxide anion H + = OH - H + < OH - H + > OH - NeutralAlkalineAcidic
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Buffering Capacity of CO 2 Buffer Substance that prevents sudden, or large, changes in acidity or alkalinity of a solution CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO 3 - 2H + + CO 3 2-
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Fig. 6.18
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Fig. 6.19
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Fig. 6.20
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Fig. 6.21
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