1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Name the major regions of the brain and describe their functions. Discuss the formation, circulation and functions of the CSF. List the main components of the medulla oblongata, the pons, the cerebellum, the mesencephalon, the diencephalon, and the limbic system and specify their functions.

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Identify the major anatomical subdivisions of the cerebrum. Locate the motor, sensory and association areas of the cerebral cortex and discuss their functions. Describe representative examples of cranial reflexes.

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Six regions in the adult brain Cerebrum Diencephalon Mesencephalon Pons Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Brain contains extensive areas of neural cortex Layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebellum and cerebrum Major regions and landmarks

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.1 The Adult Brain Figure 14.1a, c

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.1 The Adult Brain Figure 14.1b

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.1 The Adult Brain Figure 14.1d

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.2 An Introduction to Brain Functions Figure 14.2

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain forms from three swellings at the tip of the developing neural tube Prosencephalon Forms the telencephalon (forebrain; ultimately forms the cerebrum in adult) and the diencephalon (division that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus). Mesencephalon- The midbrain; region between the diencephalon and pons. Rhombencephalon Forms the metencephalon (cerebellum and pons) and myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) Embryology of the brain

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Central passageway of the brain enlarges to form ventricles, four fluid filled interior chambers. Chambers form from the expansion of the neurocoel within the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, metencephalon, and medulla oblongata. Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CSF continually circulates from the ventricles and central canal into the subarachnoid space of the cranial meninges. The CSF passes between the interior and exterior of the CNS through foramina in the roof of the fourth ventricle. Ventricles of the brain

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.3a, b Figure 14.3 Ventricles of the Brain Animation: Brain Dissections PLAY

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Continuous with the three layers of the spinal cord Folds of dura mater help stabilize the position of the brain. The three largest dural folds are the: Falx cerebri- Curving sheet of dura mater that extends between the two cerebral hemispheres; encloses the superior sagittal sinus. One of two large venous sinuses that lie within the falx cerebri. Tentorium cerebelli- Dual partition that separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum. Falx cerebelli- Divides the two cerebral hemispheres along the midsagittal line inferior to the tentorium cerebelli. The cranial meninges

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.4 The Relationship among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges Figure 14.4a, b

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings CSF cushions delicate neural structures Supports the brain Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products Pathway of CSF Produced at the Choroid plexus, a vascular complex in roof of 3rd and 4th ventricles. Travels through the lateral and medial apertures to the subarachnoid space Diffuses across the arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.5a, b Figure 14.5 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood brain barrier isolates neural tissue from general circulation Blood-brain Barrier: Isolation of the CNS from general circulation. Blood-CSF Barrier: Isolation of CSF from the capillaries of the choroid plexus. Incomplete barrier in areas: Parts of the hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pineal gland Choroid plexus Blood supply to the brain