1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Chapter 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

2. 20.1 Structure fits function at all levels of organization in the animal body –The body plan or design of an organism reflects the relationship between form and function © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Figure 20.1 Tissue level Muscle tissue Cellular level Muscle cell Organ level Heart Organ system level Circulatory system Organism level Many organ systems functioning together

4. 20.3 Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function –Tissues combine to form organs. Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities. Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues. Muscle tissue functions in movement. Nervous tissue forms a communication network. Sheets of closely packed cells Sparse cells in extra- cellular matrix Long cells (fibers) with contractile proteins Neurons with branching extensions; supporting cells Columnar epithelium Loose connective tissueSkeletal muscle Neuron Example Structure Function

5. Figure 20.4 Stratified squamous epithelium Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple squamous epithelium Basal lamina Underlying tissue Apical surface of epithelium Cell nuclei Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities

6. Organs are made up of tissues  Each tissue performs specific functions.  The small intestine –is lined by a columnar epithelium, –includes connective tissues that contain blood vessels, and –has two layers of smooth muscle that help propel food. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Small intestine Lumen Epithelial tissue (columnar epithelium) Connective tissue Smooth muscle tissue (two layers) Connective tissue Epithelial tissue

7. Figure 20.10_L Blood vessels Heart Circulatory system Respiratory system Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Lung Bone Cartilage Skeletal system Muscular system Skeletal muscles Integumentary system Hair Skin Nails Urinary system Digestive system Urinary bladder Small intestine Large intestine Kidney Ureter Urethra Mouth Esophagus Liver Stomach Anus

8. Figure 20.10_R Endocrine system Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis (male) Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Ovary (female) Lymphatic and immune systems Lymph nodes Appendix Bone marrow Thymus Spleen Lymphatic vessels Reproductive system Female Oviduct Ovary Uterus Vagina Male Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Vas deferens Penis Urethra Testis Nervous system Brain Sense organ (ear) Spinal cord Nerves

9. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT Mouth Food CO 2 O2O2 ANIMAL Digestive system Respiratory system Circulatory system Urinary system Heart Interstitial fluid Body cells Intestine Anus Unabsorbed matter (feces) Metabolic waste products (urine) Nutrients B l o o d respiratory system exchanges gases between the external environment and blood. digestive system acquires food and eliminates wastes excretory system eliminates metabolic waste circulatory system distributes gases, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body exchanges materials between blood and body cells through the interstitial fluid Every organism must exchange energy and nutrients/wastes with surroundings

10.  Homeostasis maintenance of a steady state –Homeostatic mechanisms regulate internal conditions.  Control systems –detect change and –direct responses.  Negative-feedback mechanisms –keep internal variables steady and –permit only small fluctuations around set points. Animals regulate their internal environment © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Negative Feedback Animation: Positive Feedback Homeostatic mechanisms External environment Large fluctuations Internal environment Small fluctuations

11. Chemical signals coordinate body functions  The endocrine system –consists of all hormone-secreting cells and –works with the nervous system in regulating body activities.  Hormones are –chemical signals, –produced by endocrine glands, –usually carried in the blood, and –responsible for specific changes in target cells © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Secretory vesicles Endocrine cell Hormone molecules Blood vessel Target cell

12. Two major classes of hormones  Hydrophilic (water-soluble) –amino-acid-derived hormones –Ex: insulin and glucagon  Steroid hormones, –Hydrophobic –Derived from cholesterol. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. Hormones Communicate with Target Cells  Hormone signaling involves three key events: –Reception (binding to receptor on target cell) –Note: Cell must have receptor for hormone or does not respond to that hormone!! –Hydrophilic hormones bind to receptor on cell surface –Steroid hormones can diffuse through plasma membrane and bind to receptor inside cell –Triggers signal transduction (relay signal throughout interior of cell) –Response by target cell © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Water-Soluble HormoneAnimation: Lipid-Soluble Hormone

14. Water- soluble hormone Lipid- soluble hormone Receptor protein in cytoplasm Receptor protein in plasma membrane Hormone receptor protein Gene regulation Cytoplasmic response or Signal transduction pathway

15. Negative feedback and Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose levels  The pancreas secretes two hormones that control blood glucose: –insulin signals cells to use and store glucose, and –glucagon causes cells to release stored glucose into the blood. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Pancreas Glucagon Insulin Causes Glucose in blood Releases

16. Figure 26.7 Beta cells of pancreas stimulated to release insulin into the blood 5 6 5 7 8 1 2 3 4 High blood glucose level Glucose level Insulin Body cells take up more glucose Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen Stimulus: Rising blood glucose level (e.g., after eating a carbohydrate-rich meal) Blood glucose level rises to set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes Glucagon Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose to the blood Alpha cells of pancreas stimulated to release glucagon into the blood Glucose level Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Low blood glucose level Stimulus: Declining blood glucose level (e.g., after skipping a meal) Blood glucose level declines to a set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes