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Nervous System Notes Part 3
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EVEN MORE INTERESTING NERVOUS SYSTEM FACTS The human brain alone consists of about 100 billion neurons. If all these neurons were to be lined up, it would form a 600 mile long line. At any given point in time, only four percent of the cells in the brain are active, the rest are kept in reserve.
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue: Neurons Figure 7.4
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NOTES – CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM NEURONS 3 basic parts 1. Cell Body 1 nucleus 2. Dendrites carry information TOWARD the cell body
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3. Axon carries information AWAY from the cell body many neurons are surrounded by a MYELIN SHEATH fatty tissue that speeds up the nerve impulse
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neuron Classification Figure 7.6
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.8a Structural Classification of Neurons Multipolar neurons—many extensions from the cell body
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structural Classification of Neurons Bipolar neurons—one axon and one dendrite Figure 7.8b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structural Classification of Neurons Unipolar neurons—have a short single process leaving the cell body Figure 7.8c
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Support cells in the CNS are grouped together as “neuroglia” Function: to support, insulate, and protect neurons
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Astrocytes Abundant, star-shaped cells Brace neurons Form barrier between capillaries and neurons Control the chemical environment of the brain
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Figure 7.3a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Microglia Spiderlike phagocytes Dispose of debris
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Figure 7.3b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Ependymal cells Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord Circulate cerebrospinal fluid
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Figure 7.3c
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Oligodendrocytes Wrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous system Produce myelin sheaths
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Figure 7.3d
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Satellite cells Protect neuron cell bodies Schwann cells Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Figure 7.3e
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protection of the Central Nervous System Scalp and skin Skull and vertebral column Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Blood-brain barrier
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protection of the Central Nervous System Figure 7.17a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Meninges Dura mater Double-layered external covering Periosteum—attached to inner surface of the skull Meningeal layer—outer covering of the brain Folds inward in several areas
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Meninges Arachnoid layer Middle layer Web-like Pia mater Internal layer Clings to the surface of the brain
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Meninges Figure 7.17b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Similar to blood plasma composition Formed by the choroid plexus Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.18a–b Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Figure 7.18c
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