1. NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETIES Chapter 1, Section 2

2. ANASAZI 1500 BC Lived in Southwest of present-day United States
Grew beans, maize, squash
Irrigated crops = increased food production
Skilled basket makers and potters
AD 1300 – drought, disease, and raids by nomadic tribes led them to leave villages

3. ANASAZI (continued)
Built pueblos – homes made of a heavy clay called adobe

4. ANASAZI (continued) Built kivas – underground ceremonial chambers
They were used as sacred areas for religious events.

5. MOUND BUILDERS 1000 BC to AD 1700s Eastern part of North America
Supported population with agriculture and trade
Built large burial mounds to honor dead (similar to pyramids)

6. MOUND BUILDERS (continued)
Hopewell – lived along Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri River valleys

7. MOUND BUILDERS (continued)
Mississippians – skilled farmers and traders who lived in the same areas as the Hopewell
They built the city of Cahokia (near St. Louis, MO.) which had more than 100 temple and burial mounds

8. NORTH AND NORTHWEST Arctic Groups Located in Alaska and Canada
Inuit – built igloos, hide tents, and huts
Aleut – lived in multifamily, underground homes
Both groups fished, hunted, and used dogs to pull sleds

9. NORTH AND NORTHWEST (continued)
Pacific Northwest
Located in Washington and Oregon
Carved totems – tall, wooden poles with images of ancestor or animal spirits

10. WEST AND SOUTHWEST California Region
Located in between Pacific Coast and Sierra Nevada
Food was plentiful, so there was no need to farm.
Acorns were grounded into flour
Fished and hunted deer
Lived in groups of families of about 50 to 300
Some groups - Hupa, Miwok, Yokuts

11. WEST AND SOUTHWEST (continued)
Great Basin
Located east of Sierra Nevada Mountains
Dry climate
Gathered seeds, dug roots, trapped small animals
Some groups - Paiute, Shoshone, Ute

12. WEST AND SOUTHWEST (continued)
Located Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas
Irrigated land, grew maize, squash, and beans
Pueblo Groups – Hopi and Zuni
Religion focused around rain and maize
Performed rituals hoping to bring rain and successful maize crops

13. WEST AND SOUTHWEST (continued)
Apache and Navajo
Located near Pueblo groups
Nomadic tribes
Hunted small animals and foraged for food
Supported themselves by raiding Pueblo villages

14. GREAT PLAINS Huge region that stretched from Canada to Texas
Hunted buffalo, deer, and elk
Buffalo skins used for shields, clothing, and coverings for teepees
Nomadic hunters
used spears and bows
used corrals to trap game in a ring of fire

15. GREAT PLAINS (continued)
Built teepees – cone-shaped shelters
Some groups, such as the Pawnee, were farmers of maize, squash, and beans
Pawnee were matrilineal – people who traced their ancestry through mothers, not fathers

16. NORTHEAST AND SOUTHEAST
Located along the Atlantic Coast
Rich in sources of food and shelter
Plenty of animals, fish, and wood
Many river valleys to provide fresh water
Southeastern Groups
Cherokee, Creek, Seminole
Lived in faming villages governed by councils

17. NORTHEAST AND SOUTHEAST (continued)
Northeastern Groups
Algonquian
Hunters and gatherers
Wampum – strings of beads used as money
Iroquois
Farmers, hunters, traders
Longhouses – rectangular homes made from logs and bark that housed 8 to 10 families

18. NORTHEAST AND SOUTHEAST (continued)
IROQUOIS LEAGUE
Also known as the Iroquois Confederacy
This was an alliance between the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca
The league would wage war but also make peace with non-Iroquois groups
The league made the Iroquois one of the most powerful Native American groups

19. SHARED RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
Religion was linked to nature
Spiritual forces were everywhere
Ex: heavenly bodies, sacred places on Earth, animals, and plants
Ceremonies were performed to connect people to Earth and Sky
Earth and Sky were givers of life

20. PROPERTY Land was to be used by everyone in the village
Individual ownership only applied to crops one grew
Native Americans believed the land should be preserved for future generations