1. Culture is largely unconscious What we are used to and take for granted –Concepts of time –Concepts of personal space (proxemics) –Concepts of what is good to eat –Concepts of what is beautiful Anthropology as cultural critique

2. Culture Change Invention/Innovation: creation of something new within a culture Diffusion: borrowed from other cultures Material, e.g. technology Non-material, e.g. belief systems, behaviors, words Culture provides adaptive advantage Negative impacts

3. Cultures are integrated Organic analogy –All parts interrelated –Change in one part affects others Can be positive or negative Functional vs. dysfunctional Ideal (norms) vs. real behavior Economic system Belief system Exchange system Kinship system Arts

4. “Fieldwork is the central activity of anthropology. It is fieldwork, more than common theories or substantive issues, that distinguishes anthropology from psychology, sociology, political science, and economics. It is fieldwork, more than the distinctive content of the material, that produces the uniqueness of anthropology and that entitles the anthropologist to professional status.” Nancy Howell, Surviving Fieldwork Ethnographic Fieldwork Long-term residence with a small group of people participation, structured & unstructured interviewing

5. Participant-observation Emic and Etic Living with the people Participating in their lives Subjective understanding Participate/emic, and observe/etic “[T]o some extent, the anthropologist who genuinely participates in a cultural practice can take himself as a subject. One cannot have access to the inner reaches of those to whom one talks; one can have partial access to one’s own, and through involvement at least begin to understand what some of the others may have been experiencing.” Tanya Luhrmann, Persuasions of the Witch’s Craft

6. Ethnographic Fieldwork Late 19 th - Early 20 th Century Long-term fieldwork, participant observation –First anthropological expedition: A. C. Haddon (U.K.) 1898-1899 Torres Strait Expedition Southeastern New Guinea –Franz Boas (Columbia, U.S.) –Bronislaw Malinowski (LSE, U.K.) Better data and theories Studied small-scale, non-Western societies

7. Culture shock –Stress –Disorientation –Disgust –Confusion –Doubts Bicultural perspective –Able to view world in two different ways –Both emic and etic