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Published byRoderick Cummings Modified over 9 years ago
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The Early Industrial Revolution
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A. The Congress of Vienna, 1815
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II. The origins of the industrial world
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A. Agricultural revolution
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B. Population Explosion 1. Colonization 2. Malthus, An Essay on the Principles of Population
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C. Changes in the Traditional Economy 1. Putting out system “cottage industry” 2. More kids
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D. Release of Capital 1. Textiles
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III. Industrial Revolution in Britain
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A. Natural resources 1. Narrow, swift streams
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2. Coal
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3. People enclosureagriculture
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B. Efficient Banking System 1. 1693 - Bank of England; joint stock companies
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C. Technology 1. British (Americans later) made heroes of scientists, mechanics 2. Steam engine - 1758 James Watt
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D. King Cotton 1. Cotton gin - American, Indian, Egyptian sources
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Social Relations Transformed The Rise of the industrial middle class (bourgeoisie) and the industrial working class
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Victoria, symbol of an age and culture 1837-1901
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I. Bourgeois society A. Origins 1. Old middle class 2. New middle class
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B. Home life and the Cult of Domesticity 1. “male” v. “female” spheres
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2. Romanticization and separation of male/female culture “childhood”
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Redefinition of male culture
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C. Bourgeois Morality 1. Distinguish themselves 2. Men and women spending more time apart
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3. Emphasis on romantic love Literature - Austen, Bronte sisters 4. Genteel culture
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F. Reforming Zeal 1. Fear and pity 2. Women, politics and reform
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II. Working Class Culture
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A. Origins of the working class 1. Old working class 2. New working class
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B. Institution of Factory Discipline
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1. Sadler Commission 2. England, 1833 - Factory Act 3. Public schooling
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C. Family life of the Industrial Working Class 1. Less distinction of gendered “spheres” 2. Religion: spirituality, focus on afterlife Great Awakening, Lourdes, Marpingen
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E. Working Class Morality 1. Immediate gratification 2. Sexuality/love 3. Communal ethic
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F. Working Class and Reform 1. Focused on “bread and butter” issues WC support critical in the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
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Reform in the Age of “isms” Transforming the Industrial World Through Ideology, Politics, and Art
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I. Ideologies of Reform LiberalismNationalismRomanticismConservatismSocialism
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A. Liberalism 1. Jeremy Bentham - utilitarianism “greatest good for the greatest number” (New Deal Liberalism) 2. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (1859)
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3. Liberalism embraced by the bourgeoisie a. right to vote, civil liberties, legal equality, constitutional government, parliamentary systems, free market economy b. not anti-capitalist b. not anti-capitalist
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B. Nationalism 1. Both an expression of and alternative to Liberalism 2. Geo-political centralization 3. Heightened by economic competition
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C. Romanticism 1. Response to Enlightenment, industrialization and urbanization 2. Artistic, literary, musical movement celebrating nature, rural life, mysticism
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Literature Literature Goethe, Faust Goethe Mary Shelley, Frankenstein
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Art
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Music
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Romanticism and national identity
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D. Conservatism 1. Edmund Burke Joseph de Maistre change should come slowly… …directed from the top down popular in Germany, Russia, Austria
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E. Socialism 1. Challenged capitalist ethic only wealth one was entitled to came from own labor
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Reform and Revolution in the Industrial Age “To the Barricades”
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A. Bureaucratic 1. 1830s - 40s “welfare” 2. Redefinition of poverty 3. Britain: Reform Bill of 1832 “rotten boroughs”
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B. Grassroots democracy 1. Jacksonian Democracy in America 2. Chartist movement in Britain 3. Student movements in Germany and France
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C. The Revolution of 1830 1. Poland - Resistance to Russian Rule 2. Belgium - independence from the Netherlands 3. Greece
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3. France Charles X and absolutism WC and MC join forces - republic or constitutional monarchy?
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Rebellion crushed by French, foreign troops Louise-Philippe installed
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D. Revolution of 1848 1. Food shortages, nationalism 2. Louise-Philippe abandoned by bourgeois Second Republic 3. June Days - working class v. bourgeois
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E. Revolution of 1848 in Germany 1. Liberal, nationalistic, bourgeois
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F. Russia, Austria 1. Initial concessions 2. Police, military crackdowns
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G. Legacies of Revolutions 1. Britain expands democratic institutions 2. France dichotomous political culture 3. Growing distance between authoritarian and liberal states
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