1. Autonomic Nervous System Neuropsychology of emotion:  From Behavior to Biology (reductionism)  From Normal to Abnormal (psychiatry)  From Conscious to Unconscious (measures)  From Animal to Human (manipulations)

2. The working of the mind  Western culture has pivoted around the arts. Film directors are cool…  Culture of Science has traditionally accepted the smartest students … Neuroscientists are cool…  Recently a third culture emerged, call it Nerd culture of technology, and Nerds became cool…  Artists would contemplate about the mind…  Scientists would measure and test the mind…  Nerds would settle the ‘how the brain works’ by manufacturing a working mind. (Kevin Kellay, Essays in Science and Society. Science, 1998).

3. Emotion: Art & Science From artist’s ( Marquez) understanding of love…. To psychologist understanding of aging. Lancet 1997, v. 350: 1169-72.

4. Venus of Milo was admired by art lovers. More than 250 scientific papers discussed the statue (scoliosis ??). Emotion: Art & Science

5. Emotion & Nerds Happy memories wrapped in a silicon chip.

6. Anatomy as a starting point of Nerds’ adventure Ghez & Tach, 2000 Cerebellar anatomy

7. Cerebellar simulation (Working environment IQR421) Sensors/Preprocessing Behavior Output Emotions Memory/Learning Output Simulation of anatomy to reveal brain functions

10. Rodney A. Brooks- MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Emotional companions

11. Communication of emotion Communication of emotion has survival value for the species (Darwin).

12. Mechanistic approach to emotional brain Computation Inputs:  Genetically defined US’s  Experience defined CS’s  Thoughts & Memories Outputs:  Feelings  Autonomic  Facial  Actions  Cognitive

13. Emotion as an integrative response Psychological perspective:  Subjective feelings (introspection).  Internal body responses (sensations- emotions) including autonomic.  Cognitive associations (causality+simulation).  Facial expressions (genetic).  Action tendencies.

14. Functions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) ( Squire et al., 2003)  Controls online the homeostasis of body’s physiology: blood chemistry, respiration, circulation, digestion, immune…  Innervates smooth muscles & many tissues.  Cannon (1939) referred to the “Wisdom of the body”.  Autonomic: automatic, involuntary, visceral.  Sympathetic: sympathy, coordination between organs. : subserves the “sympathies”, or emotions.  Parasympathetic: only recently discovered.  Example: Postural hypothension in dysautonomia.

15. ANS & consciousness  No conscious experience of autonomic reflexes.  Imagine the confusion if cognitive system would be in charge (Thomas, 1974).  No experience of deficit as ANS responses are: initiated rapidly. initiated in anticipation. coordinated with somatic nervous system.

17. Para/pre-vertebral ganglia Spine Preganglionic Postganglionic Target

18. SNS 1- preganglionic neuron 2- spinal nerve 4- symp. ganglia 6- autonomic n. 7- 8- prevertebral ganglia 9- terminal ganglia

19. Brainstem Preganglionic (III, VII, IX, X-vagal) Spine Near the target

20. PSNS

23. SNS & PSNS pre- and postganglionic levels Compared with skeletal motor system, the extra synapse at peripheral ganglia allows:  More divergence: from single spinal segment to several ganglia; from single ganglia to organs; SNS > PSNS).  Local integration: Sup. Cervical ganglion innervates eyes, salivary & lacrimal glands, blood vessels; ganglia receives sensory afferents form the target organ; PSNS>SNS.

24. Autonomic reflex arc at the spinal level

25. SNS - thoracolumbar  Functions during inactivity: tonic homeostatic balance.  Functions during Fight-or-Flight: optimal tuning of peripheral organs. synergy of adjustments. fast response.

26. Arousal and Homeostasis Homeostasis: Maintaining a single level of adaptive arousal

27. Arousal and Allostasis Allostasis rather than homeostasis: Stable level of arousal is not adaptive

28. Allostasis and Performance Allostasis: maintaining stability of performance through change of arousal, as a fundamental process by which organisms actively adjust to both predictable and unpredictable events. i.e., stay maximally adaptive by changing the arousal Allostatic overload being a state in which serious pathophysiology can occur.

29. Allostasis and Poor Performance Allostasis: Catastrophic conditions are possible

30. PSNS Rest & digest vs. f & f. Anabolic vs. catabolic.

31. End of autonomous system