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4. Microscopic Anatomy Mechanism and Contraction Events of Cardiac Muscle Fibers Energy Requirements Cardiac Muscle Tissue The Cardiovascular System > Cardiac Muscle Tissue Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_299_section_174&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medi um=direct&utm_source=boundless

5. Cardiac muscle, composed of the contractile cells of the heart, has a striated appearance due to alternating thick and thin filaments, composed of myosin and actin. Actin and myosin are contractile protein filaments, with actin making up most of thin filaments, and myosin contributing to thick filaments. Sarcomeres are bordered by two dark colored bands called Z-discs or Z-lines. These Z-discs are dense protein discs that do not easily allow the passage of light, and thus appear black under the microscope. The area between the Z-discs is further divided into two lighter colored bands of actin at either end called the I-bands, and a darker, grayish band of myosin in the middle called the A-band. To enable coordinated contraction within the heart, individual cardiomyocytes are connected via intercalated disks to a syncytium. Adherens junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes are junctional complexes that connect cells together in a syncytium. Microscopic Anatomy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/the-cardiovascular-system-18/cardiac-muscle-tissue- 174/microscopic-anatomy-873- 3339?campaign_content=book_299_section_174&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=bo undless Muscle Contraction and Actin-Myosin Interactions View on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System > Cardiac Muscle Tissue

6. A syncytium is comprised of cells connected by gap junctions into a coordinated unit. Adherens junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes are junctional complexes that connect cells together. T-tubules play a critical role in cardiac muscle contraction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/the-cardiovascular-system-18/cardiac-muscle-tissue- 174/microscopic-anatomy-873- 3339?campaign_content=book_299_section_174&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=bo undless The Cardiovascular System > Cardiac Muscle Tissue

7. Cardiac muscle fibers contract via excitation-contraction coupling, using a mechanism unique to cardiac muscle called calcium-induced calcium release. Excitation-contraction coupling describes the process of converting an electrical stimulus into a mechanical response. Calcium-induced calcium release involves the conduction of calcium ions into the cardiomyocyte, triggering further release of ions into the cytoplasm. Contraction in cardiac muscle follows the sliding filament model of contraction. Mechanism and Contraction Events of Cardiac Muscle Fibers Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/the-cardiovascular-system-18/cardiac-muscle-tissue- 174/mechanism-and-contraction-events-of-cardiac-muscle-fibers-874- 8546?campaign_content=book_299_section_174&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=bo undless Sliding Filament Model of Contraction View on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System > Cardiac Muscle Tissue

8. The myocardium requires significant energy to contract continually over the human lifetime. These energy needs are met through mitochondria, myoglobins, and good blood supply from the coronary arteries. The mitochondria generate ATP for the contraction of cardiomyocytes. Myoglobins are oxygen-storing pigments in cardiomyocytes. Aerobic metabolism occurs when oxygen is present, while anaerobic respiration occurs when tissue is deprived of oxygen. Energy Requirements Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/the-cardiovascular-system-18/cardiac-muscle-tissue- 174/energy-requirements-875- 4543?campaign_content=book_299_section_174&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=bo undless Myoglobin View on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System > Cardiac Muscle Tissue

9. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

10. Key terms basal metabolic rate The amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in the post-absorptive state. calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) A process whereby calcium can trigger release of further calcium from the muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. excitation contraction coupling (ECC) The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a mechanical response. intercalated discs Complex adhering structures that connect single cardiac myocytes to an electrochemical syncytium and allow the muscle to act as a functional organ. lactate The anion of lactic acid. In animals, lactate is constantly produced from pyruvate via enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the process of fermentation that occurs during normal metabolism and exercise. myoglobin A small globular protein, containing a heme group, that carries oxygen to muscles. sarcomere The basic contractile unit of contractile muscle, which contains myosin and actin, the two proteins that slide past one another to cause a muscle contraction. syncytium A syncytium is a multinucleate cell that can result from multiple cell fusions of uninuclear cells. In cardiac muscle, syncytiums enable rapid coordinated contraction along the entire muscle. T-tubule Deep invagination of the sarcolemma, which is the plasma membrane, only found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

11. Sliding Filament Model of Contraction Muscle fibers in relaxed (above) and contracted (below) positions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Sarcomere." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.svg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.svgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

12. The Sarcomere A single sarcomere unit, with all functional areas labelled. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Sarcomere." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.gif View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.gifView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

13. Muscle Contraction and Actin-Myosin Interactions Skeletal muscle contracts following activation by an action potential. Binding of Acetylcholine at the motor end plate leads to intracellular calcium release and interactions between myofibrils, eliciting contraction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Muskel-molekulartranslation." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muskel-molekulartranslation.png View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muskel-molekulartranslation.pngView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

14. Animation of Myosin and Actin This animation shows myosin filaments (red) sliding along the actin filaments (pink) to contract a muscle cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Actin Myosin." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Actin_Myosin.gif View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Actin_Myosin.gifView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

15. Myoglobin The heme component of myoglobin, shown in orange, binds oxygen. Myoglobin provides a back-up store of oxygen to muscle cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Myoglobin and heme." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myoglobin_and_heme.png View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myoglobin_and_heme.pngView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

16. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following microscopic structures is found only in cardiac muscle tissue? A) Intercalated discs B) Sarcomeres C) Z-discs or lines D) I- and A-bands

17. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ The Cardiovascular System Which of the following microscopic structures is found only in cardiac muscle tissue? A) Intercalated discs B) Sarcomeres C) Z-discs or lines D) I- and A-bands

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Cardiac muscle mechanisms of contraction are similar to those in skeletal muscle in all BUT which one of the following? A) Excitation contraction coupling (ECC) B) Sliding filament model of contraction C) Calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) D) Calcium influx via T-tubules channels

19. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ The Cardiovascular System Cardiac muscle mechanisms of contraction are similar to those in skeletal muscle in all BUT which one of the following? A) Excitation contraction coupling (ECC) B) Sliding filament model of contraction C) Calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) D) Calcium influx via T-tubules channels

20. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System The heart pumps continuously throughout life and has adapted enabling mechanisms. Which of the following IS NOT such a mechanism? A) Cardiomyocytes contain large numbers of mitochondria B) The heart relies completely on anaerobic metabolism C) Cardiomyocytes contain myoglobin to store extra oxygen D) A good blood supply from the coronary arteries

21. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ The Cardiovascular System The heart pumps continuously throughout life and has adapted enabling mechanisms. Which of the following IS NOT such a mechanism? A) Cardiomyocytes contain large numbers of mitochondria B) The heart relies completely on anaerobic metabolism C) Cardiomyocytes contain myoglobin to store extra oxygen D) A good blood supply from the coronary arteries

22. Attribution Wikipedia. "Myocardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium#AppearanceCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium#Appearance Wikipedia. "Sarcomeres." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SarcomeresCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcomeres Wikipedia. "Myofibrils." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyofibrilsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myofibrils Wiktionary. "sarcomere." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sarcomereCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sarcomere Wikipedia. "syncytium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/syncytiumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/syncytium Wikipedia. "intercalated discs." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intercalated%20discsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intercalated%20discs Wikipedia. "Myocardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium#MetabolismCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium#Metabolism Wikipedia. "lactate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lactateCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lactate Wiktionary. "basal metabolic rate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/basal+metabolic+rateCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/basal+metabolic+rate Wiktionary. "myoglobin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myoglobinCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myoglobin Wikipedia. "Myocardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium#Role_of_calcium_in_contractionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium#Role_of_calcium_in_contraction Wikipedia. "Myocardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium#T-TubulesCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium#T-Tubules Wikipedia. "Excitation-contraction coupling." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitation-contraction_couplingCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitation-contraction_coupling Wikipedia. "excitation contraction coupling (ECC)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/excitation%20contraction%20coupling%20(ECC)CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/excitation%20contraction%20coupling%20(ECC) Wikipedia. "calcium-induced calcium release (CICR)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/calcium- induced%20calcium%20release%20(CICR)CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/calcium- induced%20calcium%20release%20(CICR) Wikipedia. "T-tubule." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubuleCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubule Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System