1. Moods Disorders and Suicide
Chapter 10
Moods Disorders
and
Suicide

2. TYPES OF MOOD DISORDER Depressive disorders
Dysthymic disorder – Depressed mood most of the time
Major depressive disorder – One or more major depressive episodes
Bipolar disorders
Cyclothymic disorder – Hypomanic episodes with depressive symptoms
Bipolar I disorder – Manic and depressive episodes
Bipolar II disorder – Major depressive episodes but without manic episodes
Other mood disorders
Mood disorder due to general medical condition
Substance-induced mood disorder

3. CAUSES AND TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION
Interactional theory
Interaction between biological characteristics, psychological vulnerabilities, and stressful life events or ongoing stressful life situations
Biological theory
Abnormality in serotonin, catecholamines, GABA, and acetylcholine

4. HEREDITY RISK OF DEVEOPING A MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

5. ACTION OF SEROTONIN AT SYNAPSES

6. A DEPRESSED BRAIN

7. TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION
Biological treatment
Antidepressant drugs
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
Psychodynamic focus on relationships and social support in times of stress
Behavioral treatment
Social skills training
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Change dysfunctional thought patterns and modify maladaptive behaviors

8. HOW ECT MAY WORK TO “RESET” THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND RETURN EMOTIONAL BALANCE

9. MODERN ECT

10. CAUSES AND TREATMENT OF BIPOLAR DISORDER
Genetic vulnerability
Environmental and family stress
Treatment
Lithium and anticonvulsant drugs
Family psychoeducation and therapy

11. MOOD COMBINATIONS FOUND IN BIPOLAR DISORDER
Mania – Episodes of abnormally elevated, expansive or irritable mood
Hypomania- Milder elevated state
Depression – Diminished interest , energy, and ability to enjoy pleasure
Mixed mania – Mania or hypomania occurs simultaneously with depressive symptoms
Cyclothymia – Mood swings between hypomania and less severe depression
Rapid cycling – Four or more episodes of depression, mania, or hypomania that are separated from each other by periods of relatively normal mood

12. SUICIDE Mental illness and suicide Risk factors for Suicide
Mental illness greatly increases probability of suicide attempt.
Highest rate is for bipolar II disorder; lowest rate is for unipolar depression.
Risk factors for Suicide
Age – Teenagers, young adults, and people past middle age are highest risk.
Sex – Men have higher completion rate.
Race and ethnicity – American Indian and Alaskan Native groups have highest rates; white men the next highest.

13. AGE-ADJUSTED SUICIDE RATES
Group
Men
Women
White
19.26
4.73
Black
11.63
1.97
Hispanic
11.19
1.74
American Indian/Alaskan Native
24.92
5.12
Asian Pacific Islander
9.71
3.51

14. SUICIDE Themes for those with suicidal preoccupations
Negative expectations and hopeless
Perfectionism
Life events and suicide
Stressful life events, especially involving loss, may be precipitating factors
Suicide contagion
Well-known person’s suicide can increase
Parasuicide – Suicidal behavior that does not result in death

15. SUICIDE PREVENTION Increased awareness of suicidal thinking
Provision of crisis centers
Changing cultural expectations about dealing with the problem
Postvention programs after suicide helps survivors

16. MAJOR WARNING SIGNS OF SUICIDE IN ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR
Changes in eating and sleeping habits
Withdrawal from family, friends, and regular activities
Violent actions, rebellious behaviors, running away
Drug and alcohol use
Neglect of personal appearance
Marked personality change
Somatic complaints (headaches and stomach aches)
Loss of interest in pleasurable activities
Inability to tolerate praise or rewards