1. 1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (for nursing students) NOSE,PARANASAL SINUSES,LARYNX,PHARYNX &LUNGS By Prof. Ansari 09-01-08 wed 1.30-2.30 pm

2. 2 The respiratory system involves:-  Nose,  Paranasal sinuses,  Pharynx,  Larynx,  Pleura, and  Trachea, bronchi & Lungs.  The system is meant for exchange of gases, Oxygen is taken in and Carbon-dioxide is given out.  Diaphragm, is the main respiratory muscle.

3. 3 NOSE  Nose is a very prominent structure on the face.  The external nostrils leads in to the nasal cavity.  It has following parts, tip, bridge, root, dorsum and alae and median nasal septum.  Hairs grow from lower part of septum and alae and acts as a filter for dust particles.

4. 4 LATERAL WALL OF NOSE  On sagittal section of nose the lateral wall shows bony elevations called as conchae/nasal turbinates.  Below each concha the fissure is called as meatus, which is having openings of para nasal sinuses.  There are three conchae and three meatuses, superior, middle and inferior.  These conchae and meatuses are meant for humidification of inspired air and resonance.

5. 5 THE LATERAL WALL OF NOSE

6. 6 PARA NASAL AIR SINUSES  Frontal sinus, in frontal bone.  Maxillary sinus, in maxilla.  Sphenoidal sinus, in sphenoid.  Ethmoidal sinuses, in ethmoidal bone. 

7. 7 PARANASAL AIR SINUSES

8. 8 PHARYNX  The cavity from the mouth and nose opens in to the pharynx.  Behind the nose, it is the nasopharynx.  Behind the tongue, it is oropharynx.  Behind the larynx, it is the laryngopharynx.

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11. 11 LARYNX  It has following cartilages:-  Thyroid,  Cricoid,  Arytenoids,  Corniculates,  Epiglottis.  Hyoid bone anchors the tongue, pharynx and larynx.

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13. 13 Larynx- lat. / post. views

14. 14 Thyroid cartilage

15. 15 Cricoid cartilage

16. 16 EPIGLOTIS

17. 17 ARYTENOIDS

18. 18 INTERIOR OF LARYNX  The mucous membrane of interior of larynx is lined by respiratory epithelium, pseudostratified ciliated columnar.  There are two vocal cords, true and false.  False vocal cords are called as vestibular folds.  True vocal cords vibrate to produce voice.  Vocal cords are brought closer together by adductors of larynx.  Vocal cords are separated out by abductors of larynx.

19. 19 LARYNGEAL MUSCLES  The intrinsic muscles are covered by the mucus membrane.  The only intrinsic laryngeal muscle visible outside is cricothyroid between cricoid & thyroid cartilage.  The cricothyroid is supplied by external laryngeal nerve of vagus.  Other muscles of larynx are supplied by recurrent laryngeal nervs.

20. 20  INTERIOR OF LARYNX  SAGITTAL SECTION

21. 21  CRICOTHYROID MUSCLE  SUPPLIED BY EXTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE.  INTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE PIERCING THE THYROHYOID MEMBRANE.

22. 22 TRACHEA AND BRONCHI

23. 23 Trachea is a tubular structure  It begins at the cricoid cartilage and divides at T4 vertebral level at sternal angle.  Trachea divides into two bronchi, which enters into the hilum of each lung.

24. 24 LUNGS & PLEURA  Pleurae are double layer of serous coverings over the lungs.  The parietal pleura covers the thoracic cavity.  The visceral pleura covers the surfaces of lungs.  The cavity between the parietal and visceral pleurae is the pleural cavity.  The pleural cavity is filled up with minimal fluid.  Pleural effusion is huge collection of fluid in the cavity.

25. 25 LUNGS  RIGHT  Bigger  Three lobes  Oblique &transverse fissures separates the three lobes  Upper lobe, middle lobe, and lower lobe  No lingula  No cardiac notch on anterior border  10 BP segments  LEFT  Smaller  Two lobes  Only oblique fissure separates the two lobes  Upper lobe & lower lobe  Lingula is present on anterior border  Cardiac notch seen on anterior border  10 BP segments.

26. 26 RIGHT & LEFT LUNGS

27. 27 Each lung has  Apex  Base  Sternocostal surface  Diaphragmatic surface  Mediastinal surface  Anterior border  Inferior border

28. 28 Common diseases of respiratory system  Epistaxsis- bleeding from nose  Rhinorrhoea-running nose  Laryngitis-infection & inflamation of larynx  Pharyngitis- infection & inflamation of pharynx  Bronchitis- infection of bronchi  Pleurisy- fluid accumulation in pleural cavity  Pneumonia- inflamation & infection of lungs.

29. 29 DIAPHRAGM  It is a musculotendinous partition between the thorax & abdomen.  O. xiphoid process, lower 6 costal cartilages and sides of upper two lumbar vertebrae.  I. central tendon.  N.S. phrenic nerve + lower 6 intercostal nerves.  A. inspiratory muscle.

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31. 31 Thank you