1. Authority Bureaucracy

3.  They (Jesus, a professor or a scientists, a Queen or King, slave traders) are leaders in the sense that they issue commands and others follow their commands.

4.  Only in the extreme case of slavery there is no free compliance. (“Power”)  Commands are obeyed by a certain group out of “voluntary compliance.” (Authority)

5.  “voluntary compliance implies that people obey because they have some sort of interest in obedience.”

6. 1. material interest (salary, economic status, etc.) 2. custom

7.  These two factors (material Interests and Custom), do not, even taken together, form a sufficiently reliable basis for a social order.

8.  This is the additional and decisive factor  people find the given commands (laws, policies) to be valid.

9.  they constitute the basis of action for its own sake (not for self interest or other consequences).

10. Based on their validity: 1. Traditional 2. Legal-Rational 3. Charismatic

11.  For example the Queen was the supreme authority in both England and Canada

12. “belief in the sanctity of traditions”  Basis of the legitimacy of traditional authority.

13. Designated according to traditionally transmitted rules  (such as kings and queens designated according to the royal kinship).

14.  The personal authority of the individual  What is obeyed is the person in authority

15. subjects follow the person in the authority status

16. The traditional laws The legitimate grounds of authority Belief in the traditional Laws and values (sacred) The person in authority is obeyed

17.  For example: the authority of the Prime Minister in Canada or of the professors at the university.  “ They are elected or appointed on the basis of the legally established rules.”

18. “a belief in the 'legality' of enacted rules”

19.  enacted through rational discussion and deliberation and thus subject to change  Consistent and logical (not contradictory and conflicting laws)

20. Traditional :  When parents say “because I said so!”  They rely on the traditional idea of parental authority

21.  parents negotiate the rules with children and let the rules and not merely the parental authority govern parent-child relationship

22.  a consistent system of law rationally enacted  Constitution  laws (parliament  government, et.)

23.  Is subject to an impersonal order (the rule of law where the ruler is not beyond the law)

24.  “in free countries the law ought to be king; and there ought to be no other.“  It is on the basis of these rules or procedures that those elevated to authority attain the right to issue commands.

25. a member of the group Equal Status (Citizens and not “subjects”, “disciples” or “follower”.)  owe the obedience not to the person in authority as an individual, but to the impersonal order.

26. The legally Established Laws The legally elected or appointed authority The Right to issue Commands (laws) People belief in the legality of the laws The laws are followed not the person

27.  For example: the historical figures such as Gandhi, Lenin, Khomeini, or famous actors, singers etc.  Their followers believed they had exceptional and extraordinary qualities and thus obey the orders given by them.

28. Belief in the exceptional and extraordinary qualities of the leader (charisma) Devotion to the charismatic Leader (emotional) The commands and orders are obeyed

29. The purest type of exercise of legal – rational authority

30. Bureaucracy Rank in the Hierarchy Sphere of Competence Technical Qualifications Files Impersonal

31.  Domination on the basis of technical qualifications and the greatest possible length of technical training.

32.  without hatred or passion, and hence without affection or enthusiasm and without purely personal, irrational, and emotional elements which escape calculation.

33.  depends on its “impersonality.”:  Because it eliminates the essential aspects of humanity, bureaucracy is “dehumanizing”.

34.  Bureaucracy is the most efficient form of organizing the public affairs.

35.  The management of the modern office is based upon written documents ('the files').  Impersonal: independent of the persons working in the office (e.g. independent of personal oral communication in issuing policies, plans, etc.)

36. The expansion of Bureaucratization was linked to the following four factors:

37. Into new areas of welfare provision and economic regulation

38. The growing employment of clerical, technical and managerial personnel within the capitalist enterprises

39. Elimination of Traditional Status Differences (Gender, Race, Religion, etc. Democracy : Equality between persons Bureaucracy : selection on the basis of technical qualifications.

40. Impersonality Impartiality Efficiency Rationalization: Conduct Authority Science and Technology. Bureaucracy :

41.  Bureaucracy creates conflicting tendencies by promoting and at the same time restricting: 1. Individual freedom 2. Democracy

42. Promotes personal freedom  People are freed from: a) the old forms of personal relations and ties of loyalty (kinship, gender, race) b) property and other external considerations (the class) Restricts individual freedom  1. The size of organizations beyond the reach of individual.  2. Eliminates individuals’ chance to act out of their conviction and Passion

43. Promotes Democracy  Breaking down traditional privilege and patrimonial domination (as explained above). Restricts Democracy  due to the power of experts (the appointed bureaucrats) to obstruct the power of the head of the bureaucracy (i.e. the democratically elected prime ministers, premiers, et.)

44. Today’s entrepreneur or political leader  Follow the logic of possible means over the assertion of ends Ideal entrepreneur or political leader  the innovative, risk- taking who acts with passion and conviction.

45. Because of its: 1. ability to coordinate action over a large area, 2. continuity of operation, 3. monopoly of expertise and control of the files, 4. internal social cohesion and morale.

46.  The Marxist belief that the overthrow of capitalism would inaugurate the classless society

47.  This is caused by:  1. The state ownership of the means of production and Planned Economy

48. 2. The extension of equal citizenship citizens in socialist systems expect the government to provide employment, health care, education, housing, etc.

49.  The countervailing power structures that existed within capitalist society, in particular that of private capitalism itself, would be removed.

50.  Weber’s prediction that the revolution had thrown up a new bureaucratic ruling class, coordinated and disciplined by the institution of the Communist Party soon became a commonplace.