1. 广西医科大学人体解剖教研室 Respiratory system

2. The respiratory system nose pharynx larynx upper respiratory tract lower respiratory tract trachea principal bronchi branches of principal bronchi 1. respiratory tract 2. lung/pulmo

3. The external nose Nasal root Nasal back Apex of nose Alae nasi Nares Cartilages Section 1 The Nose External nose Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose Alae nasi Nares Nasal cavity Left nasal cavity Reft nasal cavity Nasal septum Paranasal cavity Frontal sinuses Maxillary sinuses Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoidal sinuses Section 1 The Nose External nose Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose Alae nasi Nares Nasal cavity Left nasal cavity Reft nasal cavity Nasal septum Paranasal cavity Frontal sinuses Maxillary sinuses Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoidal sinuses Section 1 The Nose External nose Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose Alae nasi Nares Nasal cavity Left nasal cavity Right nasal cavity Nasal septum Paranasal cavity Frontal sinuses Maxillary sinuses Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoidal sinuses

4. Respiratory region Olfactory region Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Nasal bone Septal cartilage Vomer Nasal cavity The part nasal vestibule lined by skin proper nasal cavity lined by mucosa. The mucosa has two region: olfectory region and respiratory region. The medial wall: Nasal septum The lateral wall: Superior, middle,inferior nasal concha Superior, middle,inferior nasal meatus

5. Frontal sinus Sphenoethmoidal recess Frontal sinus The paranasal sinuses are some air spaces lying in the bone around the nasal cavity. frontal sinus maxillary sinus ethmoidal sinus anterior group middle group posterior group sphenoidal sinus middle nasal meatus superior nasal meatus sphenoethmoidal recess The place of the oppenings of paranasal sinuses. The paranasal sinuses are some air spaces lying in the bone around the nasal cavity. frontal sinus maxillary sinus ethmoidal sinus anterior group middle group posterior group sphenoidal sinus middle nasal meatus superior nasal meatus sphenoethmoidal recess The place of the openings of paranasal sinuses.

6. Section 2 The larynx Laryngeal cartilages Laryngeal joints Laryngeal muscles Laryngeal cavity 2. The composition 1. The position and relation The sagittal section of the skull and neck larynx

7. thyroid cartilage 1 cricoid cartilage 1 epiglottic cartilage 1 arytenoid cartilage 2 1. Laryngeal cartilages

8. Conus elasticus Vocal ligament Conus elasticus Vocal ligament quadrangular membrane vestibular ligament Epiglottic cartilage Hyoid bone Thyrohyoid membrane Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Cricoarytenoid joint Cricothyroid joint Lamina of cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilage Annular lig. The laryngeal cavity and joint 2. The laryngeal joints Thyrohyoid membrane Cricothyroid joint Quadrangular membrane Conus elasticus Cricoarytenoid joint Cricotracheal membrane Conus elasticus extend upward from the cricoid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages and the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage. Vocal ligament is the superior of the conus elasticus. Vocal fold is the mucosa covering the vocal ligament.

9. Transverse arytenoid Posterior cricoarytenoid Oblique arytenoid cricothyroid Thyroarytenoid Lateral cricoarytenoid 3. The muscle of larynx Crinothyroid Posterior cricoarytenoid Transverse arytenoid Oblique arytenoid Thyroarytenoid Posterior cricoarytenoid can open the glottis. Transverse arytenoid and oblique arytenoid close the glottis. Posterior cricoarytenoid and crinothyroid can tense and lenghten the vocal fold. Thyroarytenoid can relax and shorten the vocal fold.

10. The fissure glottis Conus elasticus Laryngeal vestibule Rima vestibuli Vestibular fold Ventricle of larynx Vocal fold Fissure of glottis Infraglottic cavity Tracheal cavity Epiglottis Aperture of larynx Aryepiglottic fold Interarytenoid notch Oblique arytenoid Transverse arytenoid Thyroid cartilage Posterior cricoarytenoid Cricothyroid joint Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilage 4. The laryngeal cavity The inlet: aperture larynx The mucous fold The parts The vestibular folds The vocal fold The laryngeal vestibule The intermedial cavity of larynx The infraglottic cavity The fissure glottis

11. Section 3 The trachea and bronchi 1. The trachea The composition: The tracheal cartilages, smooth muscle, connective tissue and epithelium. The position of the bifurcation of trachea: the sternal angle or the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra The carina of trachea: 2. The bronchi Principal bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles. The carina of trachea R principal bronchus Larynx Trachea L principal bronchus Bifurcation

12. Larynx Trachea Right principal bronchus Superior lobar bronchus Middle lobar bronchus Inferior lobar bronchus Bifurcation of tracea Left principal bronchus Sup. lobar bronchus Inf. lobar bronchus Section 3 The trachea and bronchi 1. The trachea The composition: The position of the bifurcation of trachea: carina of trachea: 2. The bronchi Principal bronchi lobar bronchi segmental bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles. The differences of right and left principal bronchus: shorter, wider, more vertical

13. Apex of lung Oblique fissure Pulmonary a. left principal bronchus Posterior border Right inf. pulmonary v. inferior lobe Hilum of lung Superior pulmonary v. Superior lobe Cardiac impression Cardiac notch Oblique fissure base of lung Medial surface of left lung Apex of lung Superior lobar bronchus Right principal bronchus Posterior border Right inf. pulmonary v. inferior lobe Pulmonary a. Hilum of lung Superior pulmonary v. Superior lobe Horizontal fissure Oblique fissure Middle lobe base of lung Medial surface of right lung Larynx trachea Apex Superior lobe cardiac notch oblique fissure inferior lobe Apex Superior lobe Costal surface Anterior border Horizontal fissure Oblique fissure Middle lobe Inferior lobe medial surface Inferior border Section 4 lung/pulmo 1. The external features Apex Base or diaphragmatic suface Two surface: costal and medial surface Three border ： Hilum of lung Root of lung: The bronchi, pulmonary artery and veins, nerves, bronchial vessels, lymphatics and lyph nodes

14. Larynx trachea Apex Superior lobe cardiac notch oblique fissure inferior lobe Apex Superior lobe Costal surface Anterior border Horizontal fissure Oblique fissure Middle lobe Inferior lobe medial surface Inferior border 2. The lobe oblique fissure horizontal fissure Right lung Left lung Superior lobe Middle lobe Inferior lobe Superior lobe Inferior lobe oblique fissure

15. 3. The situation of lungs

16. 4. The bronchopulmonary segments

17. Section 5 The pleura 1. The parts Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Costal pleura Diaphrgmatic pleura Mediastinal pleura Cupula of pleura 2. The pleural cavity and thoracic cavity 3. The pleural recess ： costodiaphragmatic recess

18. 4. The projection of inferior margins of lungs and pleura The inferior margins of lungs and pleura ： inferior margin of lungs inferior margin of pleura midclavicular line midaxillary line scapular line 6th rib10th rib8th rib 11th rib10th rib

19. Sernal angle Anterior mediastinum Middle mediastinum Heart Diaphragm Posterior mediatinum Superior mediatinum Section 6 The midiastinum Superior mediastinum Inferior mediastinum anterior mediastinum middle mediastinum posterior mediastinum The subsection:

20. Sum up the main point of respiratory system 1. The respiratory system includes respiratory tract and pulmo. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, larynx; and the trachea, principal bronchi with their branches belong to the lower tract. The primary function of this system is to supply the body with oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.

21. 2. The nose includes the external nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Each nasal cavity is divided into nasal vestibule and proper nasal cavity. The nasal vestibule is lined by skin, and the proper nasal cavity by mucous membrane. According to the function,the mucous membrane is divided into two parts: olfectory and respiratory region. The paranasal sinuses includes the frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinus. They all communicate with nasal cavity. The frontal, maxillary, the anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses open into the middle nasal meatuses; and the posterior ethmoidal sinus into the upper nasal meatus; and the sphenoidal sinus into the sphenoethmoidal recess. The positions of the opening the maxillary sinuses are higher than its floor.

22. 3. The larynx consist of a framework of cartilages that connected together by ligament, membrane and joint. There are five cartilages: one thyroid, one cricoid, one epigrottic, and a pair arytenoid cartilage. The laryngeal cavity may be divided into three parts by the vestibular folds and the vocal folds: the laryngeal vestibule, the intermedial cavity of larynx and the infraglottic cavity. Here, there are several names we must memorize: The conus elasticus: the membrane between the upper of the cricoid cartilage, the posterior of the thyroid cartilage, and arytenoid cartilage. The vocal ligament: the upper of the conus elasticus between the thyroid cartilage and the vocal projection of the arytenoid cartilage. The vocal fold: the mucosa covering the surface of the vocal ligament and the arytenoid cartilage. The fissure of glottis: the between the right and left vocal folds. The glottis: consists of the vocal folds and the fissure of glottis.

23. 4. Trachea and bronchi are all composed of C-shaped ring of cartilages, smooth muscle and connective tissue. The lower end of the trachea is called the bifurcation. There is a carina of trachea on the inner surface of the bifurcation. The carina of trachea is the marker to guide the bronchoscope to the left or right bronchus. The right principal bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical in position than the left.

24. 5. The lung/ pulmo is respiratory organ. The lung/ pulmo is conical and has an apex, a base, two surfaces and three borders. The apex of the lung extends to about 2~3 cm above the level of the medial one-third of the clavicle. The left pulmo is divided into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure; and the right pulmo is divided into superior, middle and inferior lobes by oblique and horizontal fissures The branches of the bronchi in the lungs: the principal bronchus lobar bronchi segmental bronchi bronchioles the terminal bronchioles. A bronchopulmonary segment: a unit of lung tissue, where the branches / ramifications of a segmental bronchus distributes to. There are 10 segments on each side lung.

25. 6. The pleura are serous membrane, divided into the parietal and visceral pleura. The parietal pleura are divided into four parts: the costal pleura, the diaphragmatic pleura, the medial stinal pleura and the cupula of pleura. The pleural cavity is the potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura. The right and left pleural cavity is separated from each other by mediastinum. The costodiaphragmatic recess is in the place of the reflection of the diaphragmatic and costal pleura. When the body is standing or sitting, the costodiaphragmatic recess is the lowest place of the pleural cavity. So if the pleural cavity has liquid, for example the blood or the pus, the liquid always fills in this recess first. The projection of the inferior margins of the lungs and the pleura, (on the midclavicular line, midaxillary line, and scapular line) are respectively in: The lung: 6th, 8th, 10th rib; the pleura: 8th, 10th, 11th rib

26. 7. The mediastinum is divided into 4 regions by the level of sternal angle and the pericardium: the superior mediastinum, the anterior mediastinum, the middle mediastinum, and the posterior mediastinum.