1. Human Body Systems:
Chapters 37, 38

2. Chapter 37: Circulatory System
Bill Nye: Circulation
Or: Bill Nye Circulation
Questions:
Page 950: 1-5
Page 955: 1-5

3. Our circulatory system is made up of:
a) Heart
b) Blood vessels
c) Blood
Needed to transport
nutrients and wastes, but
especially oxygen through
our bodies.

4. Unicellular organisms don’t need it:

5. The Heart: Center of chest About size of your fist
Almost entirely muscle; called myocardium

6. The Heart: Septum: separates right and left sides to keep oxygen- poor
blood from mixing with
oxygen-rich blood.
Each side has two chambers:
atrium (receives blood)
ventricle (pumps blood)
Valves: flaps of tissue that
open and close to keep blood
flowing in one direction.

7. Blood Vessels: Arteries: Carry blood away from heart to body
(aorta is largest and first)
Veins: Return oxygen-
poor blood to heart/lungs
from the body
Capillaries:
Small
branches
connecting
arteries and
veins

8. Blood: Plasma: 55% of blood, mostly water, but also
nutrients, gases, salts,
hormones, enzymes etc
Other 45% of blood is:
a) Red blood cells:
Carry oxygen
b) White blood cells:
Part of immune system;
attack/eat up foreign
substances

9. Page 950: 1-5
Page 955: 1-5

10. 1. Differentiate between pulmonary and systemic circulation.
2. What are varicose veins?
3. What is systolic and diastolic pressure?
4. What are two ways that your body can regulate your blood pressure?
5. a) What is atherosclerosis?
b) What are the consequences?
6. Describe the process of blood clotting.

11. Circulation Bingo: Myocardium Heart attack Pulmonary circulation
Artherosclerosis
Anemia
Plasma
Leukemia
Systemic circulation
Red blood cells
Septum
High blood pressure
White blood cells
Atrium
Blood vessels
Ventricle
Hemoglobin
Arteries
Valves
Lymphocytes
Pacemaker
Platelets
Veins
Aorta
Lymph
Capillaries

12. A) Cellular respiration: -Release of energy due to the break down of food in your cells. -Takes place in mitochondria B) Organism level respiration: -“Process of gas exchange” -Release of CO2 and the uptake of O2, between lungs and environment.

13. Parts of the Respiratory System:
Nose: hairs filter dirt/dust from air. Nasal cavity: mucus traps particles; cilia push mucus back toward nostrils. Pharynx: passageway for air and food. Larynx: vocal cords(at top of trachea). Trachea: windpipe (no food should enter). Bronchi: passageways that lead to lungs. Lungs: air sacs called alveoli exchange O2 and CO2. This process is called diffusion.

15. 1. Why do we need cilia for respiration. 2
1. Why do we need cilia for respiration? 2. Why do we need mucus for respiration? 3. Why do we need alveoli for respiration? 4. How does your diaphragm work? 5. We breathe automatically; we can’t decide to start/stop breathing because our body won’t let us. Explain. 6. What is emphysema?

16. 1. Cilia sweep the trapped particles and mucus
away from the lungs towards the pharynx.
2. Mucus is needed to moisten the air and trap
Particles such as dust/smoke etc.
3. The alveoli are the tiny air sacs that
exchange the oxygen and carbon dioxide
involved in respiration.
4. Diagram pg 959: Your diaphragm is needed
to draw air/oxygen into your lungs and also to
Exhale air/carbon dioxide out. Your diaphragm
lowers when you breathe in (sucks in air) and
rises/contracts when you exhale, pushing air out.

17. 5. Your nervous system will cause breathing
to “kick in”. The medulla oblongata (brain
area) detects carbon dioxide levels in the
blood and if they are too high, then you
breathe (yawn etc). Your body does not
recognize when oxygen levels are too low!
6. Emphysema is a loss of elasticity in the
lung tissue caused by smoking etc. It makes
breathing difficult and makes it hard to get
enough oxygen etc.

18. Bill Nye Respiratory System Questions:
1.What do we do with the oxygen that we breathe into our bodies from the air?
2.What are alveoli?
3.Describe and explain how your right lung is different from your left lung.
4. What causes the burning sensation in your muscles when you are exercising vigorously?
5.What is the chemical ATP used for?
6.What does mucus do for us?

19. 1.We combine it with molecules in the food we
eat to give us energy.
2. Tiny air sacs in your lungs for gas exchange.
3. It’s bigger and divided into three parts, while
your left lung is divided into two parts. The size
difference is due to your heart taking up space.
4. The accumulation of carbon dioxide.
5. Storing and releasing energy (made when
oxygen is combined with food).
6. It traps dust and smoke particles to keep them
from getting in our lungs.

20. Chapter 38: Digestion Digestion: Breaking down food into forms that
your body can use.
We need: water,
carbohydrates, fats,
proteins, vitamins
and minerals.

21. molecules for absorption by cells.
Digestion begins in
the mouth with saliva,
where enzymes such as
amylase help break
down food into simpler
molecules for absorption
by cells.
Saliva, stomach acid, bile etc =
Chemical digestion
Chewing + grinding with teeth =
Mechanical digestion

22. Parts of the digestive system:
1) Mouth:
4 kinds of teeth
(mechanical
breakdown)
and
Saliva
(chemical

23. 2) Pharynx:
-Passageway for
both air and food
3) Esophagus:
-Long muscular tube
-Connects mouth to
stomach.
-Contractions of its
muscles forces the
food downward;
called peristalsis.

24. 4) Stomach:
-Mechanical + chemical
digestion happen here.
-Muscles twist, churn
up food.
-During these
movements,
gastric juices
(mucus, pepsin,
hydrochloric acid)
Help with chemical
break down also,
producing chyme.

25. 5) Small intestine:
-Narrow, coiled tube.
-Location of majority of
chemical breakdown +
absorption.
-Digestive juices made
by pancreas + liver are
added here.
-Once changed into
usable forms, food is
ready to be absorbed
into the bloodstream.

26. 6) Large intestine:
-Undigested material
enters here.
-Water + minerals are
absorbed into blood.
-Solid waste material
moves into the lower
part, called the
rectum.

27. Ulcer:
Stomach acids digest
away the lining of the
stomach or the small
intestine and a sore or
hole is made.

28. The Excretory System: Organs that remove waste products.
Includes lungs, skin, kidneys etc.
Kidneys: remove excess water, salts and
urea from blood using filtering structures
called nephrons. (Diagram, page 986)
Kidneys also maintain blood pH, regulate
water content and volume of blood etc.
*Homeostasis?

29. Urination: Urine leaves each kidney through a tube called the ureter.
Each ureter carries
urine to the urinary
bladder for storage.
The urethra is the
tube that carries urine
outside the body.

30. Excretory problems:
Kidney stones: Buildup of calcium, usually passed through urethra. Treatments: a) Medication to dissolve or break up b) Surgically removed c) Sound waves to break them up

31. Excretion through skin:
Sweat glands release waste products
through perspiration.
Perspiration is a liquid waste including
water, salts and some urea.
Each sweat gland has a small tube leading
to an opening on the surface of the skin
called a pore.

32. Frog Dissection:
Begin with the pre-lab questions on your handout, use the Heath Biology texts to find information and labeled diagrams.
Handouts (write-ups) are due on Wednesday or before.

33. Chapters 37/38 review assign:
Page 967: 1-10
Page 969: 1-10
Page 993: 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10
Page 995: 1-6
32 points total, due tomorrow-will help you prepare for the test.