1. Acid Rain

2. Acid Rain
A term first coined in 1856, it is used to describe how “acidic” soil may be due to the result of pollution in the air mixed with precipitation.

3. Acid Rain
"Acid rain" is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition (deposited material) from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids.

4. Acid Rain SO2 – Sulfur Dioxide NOx – Nitrogen Oxide NH4 – Ammonium
Hg - Mercury

5. Problems

6. Acid Rain
WATER: Acid rain causes acidification of lakes and streams and contributes to the damage of trees at high elevations (for example, red spruce trees above 2,000 feet) and many sensitive forest soils. In addition, acid rain accelerates the decay of building materials.

7. Acid Rain
TREES/PLANTS: Acid rain does not usually kill trees directly. Instead, it is more likely to weaken trees by damaging their leaves, limiting the nutrients available to them, or exposing them to toxic substances slowly released from the soil. Quite often, injury or death of trees is a result of these effects of acid rain in combination with one or more additional threats.

8. Acid Rain
PEOPLE: Many scientific studies have identified a relationship between elevated levels of acid rain and increased illness and premature death from heart and lung disorders, such as asthma and bronchitis.
Gargoyle damaged by acid rain

9. pH

10. pH Scale
Scientists study pH (acid) in the soil and grade it on a scale from 0 – – 6.9 is acid 7 is neutral 7.9 – 14 is basic

12. What Can We Do?

13. Individuals and society as a whole can participate in various efforts to help reduce acid deposition:
*Understand acid deposition’s causes and effects
*Clean up smokestacks and exhaust pipes
*Use alternative energy sources
*Restore a damaged environment
*Look to the future
*Take action as individuals

14. LAB Acids and Bases
Acids taste sour, are corrosive to metals, change litmus (a dye extracted from lichens) red, and become less acidic when mixed with bases.
Bases feel slippery, change litmus blue, and become less basic when mixed with acids.
When they react, neutralization, water and salt are created

15. Effects on Environment
Acids are generally pure substances which contain hydrogen ions (H+) or cause them to be produced in solutions ~ acids are corrosive in nature and will be found in car batteries, foods we eat/drink, and in insect stings and venoms. ~ will dissolve plant roots and leaves if too much is found in the soil

16. Effects on Environment
Base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept hydrogen ions (opposite of an acid)
~ the base, when mixed with an acid, produces a neutralization (putting baking soda on a bee sting takes the acids out of the sting itself and sooths the injury)
~ Environments with limestone and sea water are base-rich environments – changing its levels will change the organisms that live there.

17. [H+] pH
Example
Acids
1 X 100
HCl
1 x 10-1 1
Stomach acid
1 x 10-2 2
Lemon juice
1 x 10-3 3
Vinegar
1 x 10-4 4
Soda
1 x 10-5 5
Rainwater
1 x 10-6 6
Milk
Neutral
1 x 10-7 7
Pure water
Bases
1 x 10-8 8
Egg whites
1 x 10-9 9
Baking soda
1 x 10-10 10
Tums® antacid
1 x 10-11 11
Ammonia
1 x 10-12 12
Mineral lime - Ca(OH)2
1 x 10-13 13
Drano®
1 x 10-14 14
NaOH