1. { SOL Review Materials for Unit Three: A Nation Transformed Immigration & Urbanization, 1865 – the Twenties

2. 1. Push Factors and Pull Factors for Immigration  Jobs, or economic opportunity.  Religious Freedom.  Escape from oppressive governments to democracy  Adventure

3. {  Heavy Immigration from 1880 – 1924  Mechanized agriculture caused many to leave rural places for jobs in the city.  Industrialization created jobs in major northern cities. 2. Factors that caused the Growth of Cities

4. {{ Poor Living Conditions: Overcrowded Tenements Political Corruption: Bribery, Bosses, Graft 3. Major Challenges faced in Growing Cities – Political Corruption and Poor Living Conditions.

5. 4. Both Irish and Chinese Immigrants Faced Discrimination from Nativists. The political cartoon to the left is an example of the racism and bigotry faced by immigrants. In storefronts, signs saying “No Irish Need Apply” were often hung. In 1882, all immigration from China was brought to a halt due to the Chinese Exclusion Act.

6. {{ Electrification, Lighting The Telephone 5. Inventions and Innovations changed the way Americans lived and promoted the growth of cities.

7. { Working and Living Conditions for Immigrants were extremely difficult. Low Wages Long Hours Unsafe Working Conditions Child Labor Poor Living Conditions 6. Immigrants struggled through hard working conditions and poor living conditions.

8. { Unions sought higher wages, the eight-hour work day, safer working conditions, and an end to child labor. 7. Labor Unions Demanded Progressive Changes for Workers.

9. { Because violence erupted during major strikes like the Haymarket Square Riots, the Homestead Strike, and the Pullman Strike, labor unions became associated with violence and the radicalism – anarchy, socialism, and communism, for example. 8. Labor Unions become associated with violence and radicalism.

10. 9. The American Federation of Labor formed.   The most important labor union of the late 19 th Century and the 20 th Century was the American Federation of Labor.   The group wanted higher pay, an eight hour work day, improved safety conditions, and the right to collective bargaining.