1. Psychology’s Statistics Module 03

2. Module Overview Frequency Distributions Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Variation Normal Distribution Comparative Statistics Correlation Coefficient Statistical Inference Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

3. Psychology’s Statistics Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics

4. Statistics Are a means to make data more meaningful Provide a method of organizing information so that it can be understood

5. Frequency Distributions Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics

6. Sample Experiment

7. Frequency Distribution A list of scores placed in order from highest to lowest.

8. Bar Graphs Used to present data from frequency distributions

9. Measures of Central Tendency Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics

10. Measures of Central Tendency Statistical methods for finding the center of a distribution Three methods: –Mode –Mean –Median

11. Measures of Central Tendency: Mode Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics

12. Mode The most frequently occurring score or scores in a distribution. Most useful in circumstances where the data can be placed into distinct groups

13. Mode

14. Measures of Central Tendency: Mean Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics

15. Mean The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. Usually the measure of central tendency of choice

16. Mean

17. Measures of Central Tendency: Median Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics

18. Median The middle score in a ranked distribution; half of the scores are above it, half are below it.

19. Median

20. Skewed Distorted; not evenly distributed around the mean.

21. Measures of Variation Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics

22. Measures of Variation: Range Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics

23. Range The difference between the highest and the lowest scores in a distribution.

24. Measures of Variation: Standard Deviation Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics

25. Standard Deviation A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score of a distribution. The higher the standard deviation, the more the more spread out the scores are

26. Standard Deviation Calculation Calculate the mean of the data. Determine how far each score deviates from the average. Square the deviation scores and add them together. Take the square root of the average of the squared deviation scores.

27. Standard Deviation Calculation

31. Normal Distribution Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics

32. Normal Distribution A frequency distribution that is shaped like a symmetrical bell. Most scores fall near the mean, with fewer and fewer scores at the extreme. The mean, median, and mode are all the same (the highest point of the curve) in a normal distribution.

33. Normal Distribution

34. Comparative Statistics Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics

35. Percentage A comparative statistic that compares a score to a perfect score of 100 points.

36. Percentile Rank A comparative statistic that compares a score to other scores in an imaginary group of 100 individuals. The percentile rank indicates how many of the hundred scores are at or below a particular score.

37. Calculating Percentage Scores and Percentile Ranks

42. Correlation Coefficient Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics

43. Correlation Coefficient A statistical measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables. Extent to which two things vary together

44. Positive Correlation As the value of one variable increases (or decreases), the value of the other variable increases (or decreases). A perfect positive correlation is +1.0. The closer the correlation is to +1.0 the stronger the relationship.

46. Negative Correlation As the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable decreases. A perfect negative correlation if -1.0. The closer the correlation is to -1.0 the stronger the relationship.

48. Zero Correlation There is no relationship whatsoever between the two variables.

49. Zero Correlation

52. Statistical Inference Module 03: Psychology’s Statistics

53. Inferential Statistics Statistics that can be used to make a decision or reach a conclusion about data.

54. Statistical Significance A statistical statement of how likely it is that a result occurred by chance alone.

55. Significance Difference

56. The End

57. Teacher Information Types of Files –This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint. Animation –Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible. Adding slides to this presentation –Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.

58. Teacher Information Domain Coding –Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards, these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA National Standards. Scientific Inquiry Domain Biopsychology Domain Development and Learning Domain Social Context Domain Cognition Domain Individual Variation Domain Applications of Psychological Science Domain Key Terms and Definitions in Red –To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their definitions are printed in red. To maintain consistency, the definitions on the Powerpoint slides are identical to those in the textbook.

59. Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at korek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.korek@germantown.k12.wi.us Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022

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