1. Jerry Post Copyright © 2001 1 Database Management Systems Chapter 4 Queries

2. DATABASE 2 Why do we Need Queries  Natural languages (English) are too vague  With complex questions, it can be hard to verify that the question was interpreted correctly, and that the answer we received is truly correct.  Consider the question: Who are our best customers?  We need a query system with more structure  We need a standardized system so users and developers can learn one method that works on any (most) systems.  Query By Example (QBE)  SQL

3. DATABASE 3 Four Questions to Create a Query  What output do you want to see?  What do you already know (or what constraints are given)?  What tables are involved?  How are the tables joined together?

4. DATABASE 4 Tables

5. DATABASE 5 Organization  Single table  Constraints  Computations  Groups/Subtotals  Multiple Tables

6. DATABASE 6 Sample Questions  List all animals with yellow in their color. (Query04 _01)  List all dogs with yellow in their color born after 6/1/01. (Query04 _02)  List all merchandise for cats with a list price greater than $10.  List all dogs who are male and registered or who were born before 6/1/01 and have white in their color. (Query04 _03)  What is the average sale price of all animals? (Query04 _04)  What is the total cost we paid for all animals? (Query04 _05)  List the top 10 customers and total amount they spent.  How many cats are in the animal list? (Query04 _06)  Count the number of animals in each category. (Query04 _07)  List the CustomerID of everyone who bought something between 4/1/01 and 5/31/01.  List the first name and phone of every customer who bought something between 4/1/01 and 5/31/01.  List the last name and phone of anyone who bought a registered white cat between 6/1/01 and 12/31/01.  Which employee has sold the most items?

7. DATABASE 7 Query By Example & SQL  List all animals with yellow in their color. SELECTAnimalID, Category, Breed, Color FROMAnimal WHERE(Color LIKE “*yellow*”); What tables? What to see? What conditions? Query04_01

8. DATABASE 8 Basic SQL SELECT SELECTcolumnsWhat do you want to see? FROMtablesWhat tables are involved? JOINconditionsHow are the tables joined? WHEREcriteriaWhat are the constraints?

9. DATABASE 9 ORDER BY SELECTcolumns FROMtables JOINjoin columns WHEREconditions ORDER BYcolumns (ASC DESC) SELECT Name, Category, Breed FROM Animal ORDER BY Category, Breed; NameCategoryBreed CathyBirdAfrican Grey BirdCanary DebbieBirdCockatiel BirdCockatiel TerryBirdLovebird BirdOther CharlesBirdParakeet CurtisBirdParakeet RubyBirdParakeet SandyBirdParrot HoytBirdParrot BirdParrot

10. DATABASE 10 DISTINCT SELECT Category FROM Animal; Category Fish Dog Fish Cat Dog Fish Dog Fish Cat Dog... SELECT DISTINCT Category FROM Animal; Category Bird Cat Dog Fish Mammal Reptile Spider

11. DATABASE 11 Constraints: And  List all dogs with yellow in their color born after 6/1/01. SELECTAnimalID, Category, DateBorn FROMAnimal WHERE((Category="Dog") AND (Color Like "*Yellow*") AND (DateBorn>#6/1/2001#)); Query04_02

12. DATABASE 12 Conditions: AND, OR  List all dogs who are male and registered or who were born before 6/1/2001 and have white in their color. SELECT AnimalID, Category, Gender, Registered, DateBorn, Color FROM Animal WHERE (( Category="Dog") AND ( ( (Gender="Male") AND (Registered Is Not Null) ) OR ( (DateBorn<#6/1/2001#) AND (Color Like "*White*") ) ) ); Query04_03

13. DATABASE 13 Boolean Algebra And:Both must be true. Or:Either one is true. Not:Reverse the value. a = 3 b = -1 c = 2 (a > 4) Or (b < 0) FT F (a > 4) And (b < 0) FT T NOT (b < 0) T F

14. DATABASE 14 Boolean Algebra FT F T ( (a > 4) AND (b 1) T T FT F F (a > 4) AND ( (b 1) ) T T a = 3 b = -1 c = 2 The result is affected by the order of the operations. Parentheses indicate that an operation should be performed first. With no parentheses, operations are performed left-to-right. Always use parentheses, so other people can read and understand your query.

15. DATABASE 15 DeMorgan’s Law Example Customer:"I want to look at a cat, but I don’t want any cats that are registered or that have red in their color." SQL:SELECT... WHERE (Category=“cat”) AND NOT ((Registered is NOT NULL) or (Color LIKE “*red*”)). QBE:

16. DATABASE 16 DeMorgan’s Law  Negation of clauses  Not (A And B) becomes Not A Or Not B  Not (A Or B) becomes Not A And Not B TF T F NOT ((Registered is NOT NULL) OR (Color LIKE “*red*”)) Registered=ASCF Color=Black (Registered is NULL) AND NOT (Color LIKE “*red*”) F T F or not and F not

17. DATABASE 17 Useful Where Conditions

18. DATABASE 18 Oracle Views

19. DATABASE 19 Oracle Views and SQL CREATE VIEW Pets.Example AS SELECTPets.Animal.AnimalID, Pets.Animal.Breed, Pets.Animal.Category, Pets.Animal.Color FROM Pets.Animal WHERE (Pets.Animal.Color LIKE ‘%Yellow%’) SQL version is created by the Oracle View Wizard. The CREATE VIEW command saves it with the specified name.

20. DATABASE 20 Oracle View Wizard

21. DATABASE 21 Oracle Schema Manager: Views

22. DATABASE 22 Oracle Content Viewer

23. DATABASE 23 SQL Server Views

24. DATABASE 24 Simple Computations OrderItem(OrderID, ItemID, Price, Quantity) Select OrderID, ItemID, Price, Quantity, Price*Quantity As Extended From OrderItem; Basic computations (+ - * /) can be performed on numeric data. The new display column should be given a meaningful name. OrderIDItemIDPriceQuantityExtended 151976419.50239.00 1517653 8.35325.05 1518673 6.89213.78

25. DATABASE 25 Computations: Aggregation--Avg  What is the average sale price of all animals? SELECT Avg(SalePrice) AS AvgOfSalePrice FROM SaleAnimal;  Sum  Avg  Min  Max  Count  StDev  Var Query04_04

26. DATABASE 26 Computations (Math Operators)  What is the total value of the order for PONumber 22?  Use any common math operators on numeric data.  Operate on data in one row at a time.  OrderTotal  1798.28 SELECT Sum([Quantity]*[Cost]) AS OrderTotal FROM OrderItem WHERE (PONumber=22); Query04_05

27. DATABASE 27 SQL Differences

28. DATABASE 28 Subtotals (Where)  How many cats are in the Animal list? SELECTCount(AnimalID) AS CountOfAnimalID FROMAnimal WHERE(Category = “Cat”); Query04_06

29. DATABASE 29 Groups and Subtotals  Count the number of animals in each category.  You could type in each WHERE clause, but that is slow.  And you would have to know all of the Category values. SELECTCategory, Count(AnimalID) AS CountOfAnimalID FROMAnimal GROUP BYCategory ORDER BYCount(AnimalID) DESC;  CategoryCountOfAnimalID  Dog100  Cat47  Bird15  Fish14  Reptile6  Mammal6  Spider3 Query04_07

30. DATABASE 30 Conditions on Totals (Having)  Count number of Animals in each Category, but only list them if more than 10.  CategoryCountOfAnimal  Dog100  Cat47  Bird15  Fish14 SELECTCategory, Count(AnimalID) AS CountOfAnimalID FROMAnimal GROUP BYCategory HAVINGCount(AnimalID) > 10 ORDER BYCount(AnimalID) DESC; Query04_08

31. DATABASE 31 Where (Detail) v Having (Group)  Count Animals born after 6/1/2001 in each Category, but only list Category if more than 10. CategoryCountOfAnimalID  Dog30  Cat18 SELECTCategory, Count(AnimalID) AS CountOfAnimalID FROMAnimal WHEREDateBorn > #6/1/2001# GROUP BYCategory HAVINGCount(AnimalID) > 10 ORDER BYCount(AnimalID) DESC; Query04_09

32. DATABASE 32 Multiple Tables (Intro & Distinct)  List the CustomerID of everyone who bought something between 4/1/01 and 5/31/01.  CustomerID  6  8  14  19  22  24  28  36  37  38  39  42  50  57  58  63  74  80  90 SELECT DISTINCT CustomerID FROM Sale WHERE (SaleDate Between #4/1/01# And #5/31/01#) ORDER BY CustomerID; Avoid Duplicates with DISTINCT Query04_10

33. DATABASE 33 Joining Tables  List LastNames of Customers who bought between 4/1/2001 and 5/31/2001.  CustomerIDLastName  22Adkins  57Carter  38Franklin  42Froedge  63Grimes  74Hinton  36Holland  6Hopkins  50Lee  58McCain  37McPherson  90Nichols  14Patterson  8Reid  28Samuels  80Vance  39Williams  24Young  19Zhang SELECT DISTINCT Sale.CustomerID, Customer.LastName FROM Customer INNER JOIN Sale ON Customer.CustomerID = Sale.CustomerID WHERE (Sale.SaleDate Between #4/1/2001# And #5/31/2001#) ORDER BY Customer.LastName; Query04_11

34. DATABASE 34 SQL JOIN FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column FROM table1, table2 JOIN table1.column = table2.column SQL 92 syntax (Access and SQL Server) Informal syntax FROM table1, table2 WHERE table1.column = table2.column SQL 89 syntax (Oracle)

35. DATABASE 35 Syntax for Three Tables FROM Table1 INNER JOIN (Table2 INNER JOIN Table3 ON Table2.ColA = Table3.ColA) ON Table1.ColB = Table2.ColB FROM Table1, Table2, Table3 JOINTable1.ColB = Table2.ColB Table2.ColA = Table3.ColA Easier notation, but not correct syntax SQL ‘92 syntax to join three tables

36. DATABASE 36 Multiple Tables (Many)  List the Last Name and Phone of anyone who bought a registered White cat between 6/1/2001 and 12/31/2001. SELECT DISTINCTROW Customer.LastName, Customer.Phone FROM Customer INNER JOIN (Sale INNER JOIN (Animal INNER JOIN SaleAnimal ON Animal.AnimalID = SaleAnimal.AnimalID) ON Sale.SaleID = SaleAnimal.SaleID) ON Customer.CustomerID = Sale.CustomerID WHERE ((Animal.Category="Cat") AND (Animal.Registered Is Not Null) AND (Color Like "*White*") AND (SaleDate Between #6/1/2001# And #12/31/2001#)); Query04_12

37. DATABASE 37 Building a Query  List the Last Name and Phone of anyone who bought a registered White cat between 6/1/01 and 12/31/ 01.  Identify the tables involved.  Look at the columns you want to see. LastName, Phone: Customer  Look at the columns used in the constraints. Registered, Color, Category: Animal Sale Date: Sale  Find connector tables. To connect Animal to Sale: SaleAnimal  Select the desired columns and test the query.  Enter the constraints.  Set Order By columns.  Add Group By columns.  Add summary computations to the SELECT statement.

38. DATABASE 38 Joining Tables (Hints)  Build Relationships First  Drag and drop  From one side to many side  Avoid multiple ties between tables  SQL  FROM Table1  INNER JOIN Table2  ON Table1.ColA = Table2.ColB  Join columns are often keys, but they can be any columns--as long as the domains (types of data) match.  Multiple Tables  FROM (Table1  INNER JOIN Table2  ON T1.ColA = T2.ColB )  INNER JOIN Table3  ON T3.ColC = T3.ColD  Shorter Notation  FROM T1, T2, T3  JOIN T1.ColA = T2.ColB  T1.ColC = T3.ColD  Shorter Notation is not correct syntax, but it is easier to write.

39. DATABASE 39 Tables with Multiple Joins  Potential problem with three or more tables.  Access uses predefined relationships to automatically determine JOINs.  JOINS might loop.  Most queries will not work with loops. A query with these four tables with four JOINS would only return rows where the Employee had the same ZipCode as the Supplier. If you only need the Supplier city, just delete the JOIN between Employee and ZipCode. If you want both cities, add the ZipCode table again as a fifth table.

40. DATABASE 40 Table Alias SIDSupplier.CityIDCity.CityEIDLastNameEmployee.CityIDCity2.City 47972Middlesboro5James7083Orlando 210896Springfield1Reeves9201Lincoln 47972Middlesboro3Reasoner8313Springfield 910740Columbia8Carpenter10592Philadelphia 510893Smyrna3Reasoner8313Springfield SELECT Supplier.SID, Supplier.CityID, City.City, Employee.EID, Employee.LastName, Employee.CityID, City2.City FROM (City INNER JOIN Supplier ON City.CityID = Supplier.CityID) INNER JOIN ((City AS City2 INNER JOIN Employee ON City2.CityID = Employee.CityID) INNER JOIN AnimalOrder ON Employee.EmployeeID = AnimalOrder.EmployeeID) ON Supplier.SupplierID = AnimalOrder.SupplierID;

41. DATABASE 41 Saved Query: Create View CREATE VIEW Kittens AS SELECT * FROM Animal WHERE (Category = ‘cat’) AND (Today - DateBorn < 180); SELECT Avg(ListPrice) FROM Kittens WHERE (Color LIKE “*Black*”);  Save a query  Faster: only enter once  Faster: only analyze once  Any SELECT statement  Can use the View within other SQL queries.

42. DATABASE 42 Updateable Views OrderItem(OrderID, ItemID, Quantity)Item(ItemID, Description) OrderLine(OrderID, ItemID, Description, Quantity)  To be updateable, a view must focus on one primary table. (OrderItem)  Goal is to change data in only one table. (OrderItem)  Data can be displayed from other tables. (Item)  Never include or attempt to change primary keys from more than one table. (Item.ItemID)

43. DATABASE 43 Non Updateable View OrderItem(OrderID, ItemID, Quantity)Item(ItemID, Description) OrderLine(OrderID, Item.ItemID, Description, Quantity) 121573 121822 122571 57Cat food 58Dog food 59Bird food 12157Cat food3 12182Bird feeder2 12257Cat food1 If you attempt to change the Item.ItemID in the OrderLineView: You will simply change the primary key value in the Item table. It will not add a new row to the OrderItem table. 32

44. DATABASE 44 SQL Syntax: ALTER TABLE ALTER TABLE table ADD COLUMN column datatype (size) DROP COLUMN column See also: CREATE TABLE DROP TABLE

45. DATABASE 45 SQL Syntax: COMMIT COMMIT WORK See also: ROLLBACK

46. DATABASE 46 SQL Syntax: CREATE INDEX CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX index ON table (column1, column2, … ) WITH {PRIMARY | DISALLOW NULL | IGNORE NULL} See also: CREATE TABLE

47. DATABASE 47 SQL Syntax: CREATE TABLE CREATE TABLE table ( column1datatype (size) [NOT NULL] [index1], column2datatype (size) [NOT NULL] [index2], …, CONSTRAINT pkname PRIMARY KEY (column, …), CONSTRAINT fkname FOREIGN KEY (column) REFERENCES existing_table (key_column), ) See also: ALTER TABLE DROP TABLE

48. DATABASE 48 SQL Syntax: CREATE VIEW CREATE VIEW viewname AS SELECT … See also: SELECT

49. DATABASE 49 SQL Syntax: DELETE DELETE FROM table WHERE condition See also: DROP

50. DATABASE 50 SQL Syntax: DROP DROP INDEX index ON table DROP TABLE DROP VIEW See also: DELETE

51. DATABASE 51 SQL Syntax: INSERT INSERT INTO table (column1, column2, …) VALUES (value1, value2, … ) INSERT INTO newtable (column1, column2, …) SELECT … See also: SELECT

52. DATABASE 52 SQL Syntax: GRANT GRANT privilege privileges ON object ALL, ALTER, DELETE, INDEX, TO user | PUBLIC INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE See also: REVOKE

53. DATABASE 53 SQL Syntax: REVOKE REVOKE privilege privileges ON object ALL, ALTER, DELETE, INDEX, FROM user | PUBLIC INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE See also: GRANT

54. DATABASE 54 SQL Syntax: ROLLBACK SAVEPOINT savepoint{optional} ROLLBACK WORK TO savepoint See also: COMMIT

55. DATABASE 55 SQL Syntax: SELECT SELECT DISTINCT table.column {AS alias},... FROM table/query INNER JOIN table/query ON T1.ColA = T2.ColB WHERE (condition) GROUP BY column HAVING (group condition) ORDER BY table.column { UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT … } GROUP BY CUBE (dimension1, dimension2, …) TRANSFORM aggfunction{Crosstab values} SELECT... FROM... GROUP BY{Crosstab rows} PIVOT pivot column {Crosstab columns}

56. DATABASE 56 SQL Syntax: SELECT INTO SELECT column1, column2, … INTO newtable FROM tables WHERE condition See also: SELECT

57. DATABASE 57 SQL Syntax: UPDATE UPDATE TABLE table SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, … WHERE condition See also: DELETE