1. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Using SPSS to Analyze Data Anastasia D. Elder & Vanessa Esparza

2. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-2 Learning Objectives 1.Understand the benefits of using a statistical computer software package like SPSS 2.Create a code book for data 3.Set up a data file on SPSS 4.Enter data on SPSS 5.Perform preliminary analyses in SPSS 6.Understand the following key terms: SPSS Variable view Code book Data Entry Data view Value Label

3. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-3 SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows (SPSS). SPSS is widely used in behavioral sciences including education, psychology, and counseling. A computer-based software package which allows you to maintain a dataset of collected research and includes powerful processing capabilities to produce a wide range of statistical analyses.

4. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-4 SPSS Designed for performing statistical analysis, provides statistical information needed in research reports, can perform advanced statistics, and is menu driven to perform these analyses. A tool which can transform research data into meaningful and useful information.

5. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-5 I Have Data, Now What? Four steps to complete before you go near the computer and SPSS: 1. Connect data to each individual participant. 2. Give each participant a unique number. 3. Create a codebook. 4. Name the variables carefully.

6. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-6 Codebook A codebook is a collection of research variables that assists in translating the data into variables. It keeps track of names and labels assigned to all variables and values. Should be created in a separate document unless fewer than 15 variables.

7. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-7 Sample Codebook Section I. Background Information Variable Name:subjno Description:identification number Coding: Variable Name:gender Description:gender Coding:0 = female; 1 = male Variable Nameage Description:age in years Coding:numeric variable Variable Namerace Description:ethnic background

8. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-8 Coding:1 = Amer. Indian or Alaskan Native 2 = African-American 3 = Hispanic 4 = Asian or Pacific Islander 5 = White/Caucasian 6 = Other Variable Nametreatment Description:type of treatment received for 4 weeks Coding:1 = counseling-psychodynamic 2 = cognitive 3 = behavioral Variable Namepreanxq1 Description:My anxiety inhibits me from talking to a classmate Coding q1-q111 = strongly disagree 2 = disagree 3 = agree 4 = strongly agree Variable Namepreanxq2 I feel comfortable trying new things Variable Namepostanxq1 (after treatment) My anxiety inhibits me from talking to a classmate

9. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-9 Beginning the Program Select SPSS for Windows Choose what you would like to do Locate and choose a variable to work with Create/Define variables for group affiliations Type in data or open an existing data source

10. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-10 Data Editor

11. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-11 Defining Your Variables

12. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-12 Which View? Two tabs are available on the spreadsheet: First is data view which shows you the data you enter and is the view from which you run statistical analysis. Second is variable view in which you can assign notations to variables.

13. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-13 Label

14. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-14 Defining Your Variables When defining variables: Name: the name should match what you assigned to the variable in the codebook. Value: define the value of the variables so numbers can be assigned to different levels. Decimals: set the decimal value for each variable. Label: a tag for a reminder of the variable. Entering Data: A single piece of information goes into each cell.

15. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-15 Entering Data

16. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-16 Tips on Data Entry Enter your data going across Use the original order and form of your data Wait on modifications to variables and use the SPSS program to make later. Save your data Double check your data

17. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-17 Two Methods to Check Data Entry Recheck that what is entered on the computer is what is on paper. Run simple descriptive analyses on all variables to see if the mean, minimum and maximum standard values, and total number of cases (N) makes sense.

18. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-18 Descriptive Statistics Central tendencies and variances of a collected sample of scores are called descriptive statistics. SPSS offers a variety of functions including percentile values, measures of central tendency, dispersion and distribution.

19. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-19 Measures of Central Tendency The average value of each variable is called the mean. The value that separates the lower half of the distribution from the upper half of the distribution is called the median. The value that was most frequently given is called the mode.

20. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 1e Sheperis/Daniels/Young © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-20 Other Descriptive Statistics Measures of variability including: Range Standard Deviation Variance Run descriptive in SPSS for interval and ratio variables. Run frequencies for nominal and ordinal data.