1. English 10 Grammar & Writing #7 Mr. Rinka Spelling Rules Pt. 2 & TOEFL Vocabulary List #2 http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm

2. Spelling Rule #11 To form plurals of most English nouns, simply add –s. boat = boats girl = girls dog = dogs book = books tree = trees car = cars

3. Spelling Rule #12 To create plural forms of other words use the rules presented in the following slides!

4. Spelling Rule #12A If a noun ends in s, x, z, ch, or sh, add –es. glass = glasses fox = foxes waltz = waltzes peach = peaches wish = wishes

5. Spelling Rule #12B If a noun ends in y with a consonant before it, change the y to an i and add an –es. city = cities baby = babies lady = ladies story = stories mystery = mysteries Exceptions: Proper nouns ending in y add –s. Burney = Burneys Larry = Larrys

6. Spelling Rule #12C If a noun ends in y with a vowel before it, add –s to form plural. joy = joys guy = guys bay = bays day = days jay = jays ray = rays

7. You Try It ! girl = dog = book = tree = car = glass = fox = waltz = peach = wish = city = baby = lady = story = mystery = joy = guy = bay = day = jay =

8. Answers girl = girls dog = dogs book = books tree = trees car = cars glass = glasses fox = foxes waltz = waltzes peach = peaches wish = wishes city = cities baby = babies lady = ladies story = stories mystery = mysteries joy = joys guy = guys bay = bays day = days jay = jays

9. Spelling Rule #12D Depending on pronunciation, some nouns ending in f or fe add –s to the plural and others change the f or fe to v and add –es. safe = safes calf = calves giraffe = giraffes knife = knives roof = roofs loaf = loaves belief = beliefs wife = wives

10. Spelling Rule #12E Nouns ending in o with a vowel before it, add -s to form the plural. zoo = zoos radio = radios rodeo = rodeos patio = patios stereo = stereos kangaroo = kangaroos

11. Spelling Rule #12F Nouns ending in o with a consonant before it, add -es to form the plural. potato = potatoes hero = heroes tomato = tomatoes veto = vetoes echo = echoes

12. Spelling Rule #12F (cont.) Exceptions: Some nouns, mostly musical terms, ending in o with a consonant before it, add -s to form the plural. solo = solos alto = altos soprano = sopranos piano = pianos

13. You Try It! safe = calf = giraffe = knife = roof = loaf = belief = wife = zoo = radio = patio = stereo = tomato = veto = echo = solo = alto = soprano =

14. Answers safe = safes calf = calves giraffe = giraffes knife = knives roof = roofs loaf = loaves belief = beliefs wife = wives zoo = zoos radio = radios patio = patios stereo = stereos tomato = tomatoes veto = vetoes echo = echoes solo = solos alto = altos soprano = sopranos

15. Spelling Rule #12G The plural forms of some nouns form in an irregular way. man = men woman = women foot = feet child = children goose = geese mouse = mice tooth = teeth

16. Spelling Rule #12H Some nouns form their plural by not changing. deer = deer sheep = sheep moose = moose series = series trout = trout

17. Spelling Rule #12i If a compound word is formed as one word, create the plural by adding –s or –es to the end of the it. skateboard = skateboards earthquake = earthquakes firefly = fireflies schoolhouse = schoolhouses footprint = footprints http://www.learningdifferences.com/Main%20Page/Topics/Compound%20 Word%20Lists/Compound_Word_%20Lists_complete.htm

18. Spelling Rule #12J If a compound word is hyphenated, create the plural by adding –s or –es to the main noun. mother-in-law = mothers-in-law runner-up = runners-up attorney-at-law = attorneys-at-law ex-president = ex-presidents http://www.tedmontgomery.com/punctuation/hyphen-b.html

19. Spelling Rule #12K Some nouns English has borrowed form Greek or Latin keep their plural form from the original language. alumnus = alumni datum = data phenomenon = phenomena analysis = analyses crisis = crises

20. Spelling Rule #12L Use an apostrophe s (‘s) to form the plurals of numerals, letters, symbols, and words used as words. 7 = 7’s A = A’s c = c’s & = &’s 1900 = 1900’s and = and’s

21. You Try It! man = woman = foot = child = goose = mouse = tooth = deer = sheep = moose = series = trout = firefly = footprint = datum = crisis = 7 = 1900 = mother-in-law =

22. Answers man = men woman = women foot = feet child = children goose = geese mouse = mice tooth = teeth deer = deer sheep = sheep moose = moose series = series trout = trout firefly = fireflies footprint = footprints datum = data crisis = crises 7 = 7’s 1900 = 1900’s mother-in-law = mothers-in-law

23. TOEFL Vocabulary List #2 The following is a list of vocabulary words that often appear on the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) test. http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academi c/pau/course/webword.htm

24. TOEFL Vocabulary #2 http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm animosity (noun): hostility, ill will animos (mind, life, spirit, anger) + ity (n. state or quality) There isn't any animosity between us.

25. TOEFL Vocabulary #2 http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm annals (noun): record of events, historical records ann (yearly) + al (n. action directing a person to another) + s (plural) The annals of the organization are kept in notebooks.

26. TOEFL Vocabulary #2 http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm annual (adjective): yearly annu (yearly) + al (adj. quality, relation) She is planning on going to the company's annual meeting.

27. TOEFL Vocabulary #2 http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm annuity (noun): money payable yearly annu (yearly) + ity (n. state or quality) Joan is going to invest her annuity in the stock market.

28. TOEFL Vocabulary #2 http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm anniversary (noun): the yearly celebration of an event anni (yearly) + vers (to turn) + ary (adj. resembling, related to) John's parents will celebrate their wedding anniversary in April.

29. TOEFL Vocabulary #2 http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm perennial (adjective): enduring, persisting for several years per (through) + enn (yearly) + ial (adj. quality, relation) I would like to buy some perrenial plants.

30. TOEFL Vocabulary #2 http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm author (noun): one that originates or creates, a writer auth (to originate, to increase) + or (n. person or thing that does something) Susan met the author of this book.

31. TOEFL Vocabulary #2 http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm augment (verb): to increase, to add to aug (to originate, to increase) + ment (n. condition or result) He had to augment his salary by taking another job.

32. TOEFL Vocabulary #2 http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm auction (noun): a sale of goods to the highest bidder auct (to originate, increase) + ion (n. condition or action) I bought this car at the auction.

33. TOEFL Vocabulary #2 http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm benevolent (adjective): marked by goodwill bene (good, well, gentle) + vol (roll, turn) + ent (n. an agent) The "Salvation Army" is known as a benevolent society.

34. TOEFL Vocabulary #2 http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm benign (adjective): harmless, mild, gentle ben (good, well, gentle) + ign ( short version of L. benignus) The doctor removed a benign tumor from my neck and I went home.

35. TOEFL Vocabulary #2 http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm bibliography (noun): a list of written works biblio (book) + graph (write, draw) + y (n. state, condition, result of acting) Olaf listed a brief bibliography at the end of his paper.

36. Flashcard Machine http://www.flashcardmachine.com/p/d2g9z5

37. English 10 Grammar & Writing #7 Mr. Rinka Spelling Rules Pt. 2 & TOEFL Vocabulary List #2 http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webword.htm