1. The Microbial World and YOU Chapter 1 With the person sitting next to you, make a list of all the microorganisms that have either helped or harmed you in your life.

2. MICROORGANISMS Tiny organisms usually too small to be seen with the naked eye Diseases and illnesses –AIDS, infections, food poisoning Commercial applications –Vitamins, enzymes, drugs Important to Ecosystem –Bottom of food chain, decomposers, photosynthesizers Food Industry –Vinegar, pickles, cheese, yogurt and bread

3. Microbes FUNGI Eukaryotes Unicellular or multi Sexual or asexual Decomposers Hyphae and mycelia BACTERIA Prokaryotes Unicellular Peptidoglycan in cell walls Binary fission Several shapes Flagella ARCHAEA Prokaryotic Cell walls lack peptidoglycan Extreme environments E. coli 10000x magnification Crenarchaeota, ammonia oxidizing Entoloma hochstetteri New Zealand

4. ALGAE Eukaryotes Photosynthetic Cell walls of cellulose Uni or multicellular PROTOZOA Eukaryotes Unicellular Variety of shapes and sizes Sexual or asexual

5. VIRUSES Not alive Nucleic acid and protein Reproduce only with host machinery Parasitic HELMINTHS Flat and round worms Microscopic at some point of life cycle HIV

6. Review of Nomenclature Carolus Linneus Two name Genus (capitalized) species (not capitalized) –Examples: Homo sapiens, Bos taurus After mentioned, abbreviated with the initial of the genus and the full species name. –Examples: H. sapiens, B. taurus Except when it is as the beginning of the sentence

7. BRIEF HISTORY HOOKE(1665): observed first cell http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=70C9FB4 F-9F85-46C4-AA22- 8A8E1F58E6B4&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US LEEUWENHOEK (1676): 1 st live microorganism Hobbie collecting microscopes (400+) http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=44130F88-C8A3-4DF8- B4E3-D93B2EEA00DB&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

9. MORE HISTORY Spontaneous Generation Debate (1861) REDI: maggots on meat NEEDHAM/SPALLANZANI: boiled broth “vital force” http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=8F7EF774-C237-440B-8FEB- 3FFDDD7197C8&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=UShttp://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=8F7EF774-C237-440B-8FEB- 3FFDDD7197C8&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US PASTEUR: curved flask, orgs are present in nonliving matter Fermentation (conversion of sugar to alcohol) Pasteurization (high heat for short amount of time to kill bacteria that causes spoilage) Louis Pasteur

10. Redi’s Experiment

11.  Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in  Microbes got caught in the curve  Concluded: microbes are present in nonliving matter-air, liquids, solids

12. HISTORY CONT…. PASTEUR: Germ theory of disease: 1 microorganisms causes 1 disease (after work done by Semmelweis) http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=360030B4-31D2-4083-989C- 18C2AEA1B308&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US –1865: silkworm disease caused by protozoan LISTER (1860s): applied germ theory to medical procedures –Used disinfectants (phenol solution) KOCH (1876): discovered Bacillus anthracis (bacteria that was destroying cattle) –Koch’s postulates –Est. sequence for directly relating microbe to disease JENNER(1796): smallpox vaccination (vacca = cow) http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=360030B4-31D2-4083-989C- 18C2AEA1B308&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US Koch

13. HISTORY CONT…. Ehrlich (1910):chemotherapy revolution –Found “magic bullet” –something to hunt down and destroy pathogen without harming host –Salvarsan (arsenic derivative against syphilis) –Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=360030B4-31D2-4083-989C- 18C2AEA1B308&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US Fleming (1928): 1 st antibiotic Penicillium notatum http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=360030B4-31D2-4083-989C- 18C2AEA1B308&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

14. HUMAN WELFARE Microbial Ecology –recycle elements of soil and atmosphere Sewage Treatment –Bacteria convert organics into CO 2, NH 3, CH 4, etc Bioremediation –Remove toxins from wells, chemical spills, toxic waste sites and oil spills –Pseudomanas and Bacillus Insect pest Control –Bacillus thuringiensis - alfalfa caterpillars, corn borers, cabbageworms, etc. Biotechnology –Recombinant DNA –Gene therapy

15. HUMAN DISEASE Normal microbiota (flora) – WHY? Biofilms: complex aggregation of microbes – Tongue (pictured below) Infectious diseases Movie: Emerging Diseases

17. Question for you….. Advertisements tell you that bacteria and viruses are all over your home and that you need to buy antibacterial cleaning products. Should you?

18. Works Cited http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/Ammonia-Loving-Archaea-Win-Landslide-Majority-2.jpg]http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/Ammonia-Loving-Archaea-Win-Landslide-Majority-2.jpg http://img2.scoop.co.nz/stories/images/0705/d40ac49a6df120748719.jpeg http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/stentor.html http://cleantechnica.com/files/2008/07/106253991_ebf50013a0_m.jpg http://www.scumdoctor.com/images/Pictures-Of-Human-Worm-Parasites.jpg http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/c/bgpa/pub/stories/events/images/autumn_workshops/thumbnails/linneaus.jpg