2. ECONOMIC HISTORY : INDIA INC. (‘70s – early ‘80s) Family run business dominated - 95% Majority of Industry owned by Public Sector License and Red Tape bureaucracy Weak or nil project financing opportunities Absence of Domestic market Brain-drain

3. MACRO ECONOMIC CRISIS 1991 ● Current Account Deficit: 3.2% ● Debt Service Payment % of Current Receipts: 35% ● Foreign Exchange Reserves: Down to 21/2 months Imports ($1 billion) ● Short term debt: 147% of ForEx reserves ● Inflation: 17% ● GDP Growth:0.4% ● Economic Situation 1991: Possibility of Default on short term loans and down grading of India’s credit rating. In short : The Country faced a Fiscal and Economic Crisis

4. IS LIBERALISATION THE ANSWER? ● Yes? ● No? ● Maybe? ● If?

5. LIBERALISATION DEFINED Trade liberalisation “The process of systematically reducing and eventually eliminating all tariff and non-tariff barriers between countries as trading partners.”

6. YES, LIBERALISATION IS THE ANSWER… Centralised monopoly structure Managed competitive models Open competitive Market regime A Phased Approach to Liberalisation

7. YES, LIBERALISATION IS THE ANSWER… ● Technology is developing exponentially ● Legacy, monopoly systems are not scalable to meet demands ● Need for modern, scalable, “future-proof” infrastructure/services ● Liberalised market has the potential to move fast enough to meet demand

8. NO, LIBERALISATION IS NOT THE ANSWER… ● If not handled right, liberalisation can lead to “bigger”, “badder” problems Public Monopoly Private Monopoly

9. MAYBE LIBERALISATION IS THE ANSWER… ● When the process is undertaken as a result of consultation between government, consumers, and the private sector ● When national resources are protected, instead of permitted to become a hole through which vital capital leaks to other nations ● When emphasis is placed on the development of in-country capacity e.g. Technology transfer components on International tenders

10. LIBERALISATION IS THE ANSWER IF… ● Continuous review of goals/objectives with adjustments according to changes in the marketplace ● Neighbouring countries harmonise policy on a regional/continental basis ● Weight and incidence of regulation is adjusted according to the stage of liberalisation LIBERALISATION = DEREGULATION

11. LPG PARADIGM PRE - 1991POST - 1991 LICENSING PLANNING GOVERNMENT LIBERALISATION PRIVATISATION GLOBALISATION

12. L P G PARADIGM POST - 1991 RECENT POLICY CHANGES FROM 1991 ONWARDS INCLUDE: 1.Progressive Liberalization and Privatization reforms 2.Reduced reserved list of businesses for PSU 3.Industrialization of economy 4.Huge growth of Domestic Industrial base 5.Govt. incentives to SSI (small scale industry) 6.Export orientation with incentives 7.Economic reforms opened up to foreign trade 8.Less restrictive rules for a low cost finance 9.More resources deployed for technology learning

13. STRUCTURAL CHANGES DRIVING GROWTH ● Progressively more sectors opened to private investment. ● Encouraged Foreign Direct Investment with equity stake ● Reduction in Red Tape and Regulations ● Industry license requirements( barriers to entry) reduced to encourage competition. ● Trade Policy liberalized. ● Capital Market Reforms

14. INDUSTRIAL POLICY  DURING PRE-REFORMS LPG ERA  LICENSING PREDOMINATED  DURING POST-REFORMS LPG ERA  LICENSES REQUIRED ONLY FOR A FEW SELECT INDUSTRIES (CORE INDUSTRIES AND DEFENCE ENTERPRISES)  GREATER AUTONOMY FOR PEs  GREATER PRIVATE SECTOR OWNERSHIP

15. PRIVATISATION AND REGULATORY REFORMS  FIRST GENERATION REFORMS UNDER IMPLEMENTATION  SECOND GENERATION REFORMS BEING FORMULATED AND IMPLEMENTED  REFORMS POLICIES NEED TO INHERE COMPETITION PRINCIPLES  NEED FOR FLEXIBILITY TO PROVIDE FOR NEEDS, ASPIRATIONS AND GOALS OF THE COUNTRY

16. TRADE POLICY REFORMS  THIS INCLUDES (ESSENTIALLY WTO – RELATED) – TARIFFS – QUOTAS – EXPORT RESTRAINTS – SUBSIDIES – ANTI-DUMPING ACTION – DOMESTIC CONTENT REGULATIONS  TRADE POLICY NEEDS TO CONFORM TO COMPETITION PRINCIPLES

17. CONSTRUCTION SECTOR REFORMS ● February 2005 Central Government Allows 100% Foreign Direct Investment in construction sector: – Hotels – Resort – Hospitals – Recreation – Educational Institutions – Hospitals – Regional Infrastructure ● Approval process streamlined with minimum hassles.

18. FINANCIAL SERVICES REFORMS Banking Reforms : ● Privatization of banking with growth in consumer credit ● Growth of International banking institutions in India Capital Market Reforms : ● Capital Markets maturing ● Growth in private sector mutual fund industry ● Growth in Foreign Institutional investors driven by liquid and deep stock market with promise of high returns (FII investment $45 billion 2005) Non-banking financial intermediary Reforms : ● Insurance sector privatized with major global insurance companies entering India ● Insurance Premiums for 2005 approximately $70 billion ● Growth in Venture Capital and Private Equity Funds

19. GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES ON FDI (INDIA)  After independence (1947) – strategy of import substitution and local capability improvement – FDI welcomed  Late 60s and 70s – restrictions on FDI  During 80s – FDI policy liberalized – import of capital goods and technology eased, tariffs reduced, export oriented units exempted from foreign equity cap  Post – 1991 LPG era – major track changes, liberal trade policy, capital market reforms, foreign exchange control relaxed and considerable increase in foreign equity cap, more industries opened for FDI and national treatment to foreign companies

20. GROWTH IN INDIA’S SERVICE SECTOR- POST ECONOMIC REFORM ERA (1991)

21. FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT TRENDS ● Foreign Direct Investment: – 1990: $162 Million – 1992:$315 Million – 1999: $2.2 Billion – 2004: $4.5 Billion ● FDI steadily increased as investment regime progressively liberalized with less restrictions. – Fewer restricted industries – Easing of investment process – Removal of Investment Caps and Repatriation

23. Investment Flows India: Private Equity

24. THEN AND TODAY: INDIA INC. ● Till 1995 India borrowed from IMF ● Today India loans to many countries & US ● India foreign currency reserve US$150 bn ● Small is not beautiful, think medium / large scale. – India Inc. M&A in Eastern Europe, Latin America, South East Asia, African countries, Russia, China & US ● Example of growth – India inc ordered 200 Aircraft (18 months) v/s 50 in 90s – Stock market index crossed 12,800 v/s 2900 in ’91 – IT, Gems, Textile, Automobile industries grew at 35%

25. INDIAN INC. SCENARIO 2005-2006 ● SSIs - with 18 month order on hand ● US$ 15 bn worth equipments ordered by corporate ● New recruitments (all segments) - – 9,000 new middle level managers – 35,000 Fresh MBAs – 375,000 Fresh engineers – 775,000 Fresh graduates ● Reverse brain drain – 335,000 people from various countries expressed their desire to work in India ( source- monster.com)