1. Ross is experiencing a lot of anxiety. He is losing a lot of weight and he continuously feels cold. Duncan feels really faint sometimes. He has difficulty forming sentences and feels dumb. He finds drinking a glass of orange juice or eating something helps. Karen wanders what drives the metamorphosis of some animals. Christina wanders why she feels crazy sometimes when she is in love.

2. HOMEOSTASIS Maintenance of internal conditions in the body

4. influences almost every cell, organ, and function of our bodies E.g. regulates mood, growth, and development Hormones:

5. STEROID HORMONES

6. STEROID HORMONES IN ACTION www.conncoll.edu/academics/departments/biology/humanphysanims/endo- sterhorm.html

7. PEPTIDE HORMONES Peptides and Amines: Peptides are secreted by the pituitary, parathyroid, heart, stomach, liver and kidneys while amines (derived from tyrosine) are secreted by the thyroid and the adrenal medulla.

8. PEPTIDE HORMONES IN ACTION

9. EXOCRINE GLANDS ENDOCRINE GLANDS

11. PITUITARY GLAND (THE MASTER) anterior lobe is glandular

12. OXYTOCIN

14. ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

15. ENDORPHINS AND ENKEPHALINS

17. ABNORMALITIES

18. THYROID GLAND Thyroxine: Calcitonin:

19. Regulation of Thyroxine Production

20. HYPERTHYROIDISM Increased metabolism Feel hot Lose weight Fatigue but have trouble sleeping Trembling hands Irregular heartbeat Irritable and easily upset

21. HYPOTHYROIDISM Low metabolism rate therefore weight gain Weakness Fatigue Coarse dry hair Cold intolerance Irritability and depression Memory loss

22. OTHER ABNORMALITIES

23. PARATHYROID GLAND Four tiny glands embedded in thyroid produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)

24. Calcium Regulation

25. OSTERIOPEROSIS

26. ADRENAL GLANDS

27. CORTISOL

28. EPINEPHRIN Central role in short-term response to stress Causes increase heart rate, stroke volume, dilates pupils, constricts arterioles in skin and dilates arterioles in leg muscles, elevates blood sugar, suppressive effect on the immune system. NOREPINEPHRINE activated during stress plays a role in attention and focus, depression, ADD/ADHD medication increases it

30. Stress response is short-term spinal cord (cross section) sympathetic fibres adrenaline noradrenaline adrenal medulla Stress response:. heartbeat and blood pressure increase. blood glucose level rises. breathing rate increases. muscles become energized. digestive system shuts down Stress response is long-term neurosecretory cells produce releasing hormone anterior pituitary secretes ACTH glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids adrenal cortex Stress response:. protein and fat metabolism occur instead of glucose breakdown. reduction of inflammation; immune cells are suppressed. sodium ions and water are re-absorbed by kidney. blood volume and pressure increase

31. PINEAL GLAND

32. THYMUS GLAND

33. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

34. SEX DIFFERENTIATION IN FETUS