1. Chapter 6
Body & Behavior

2. Section 1
The Nervous System

3. The Organization of the Nervous System
Peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS)
Autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system

4. Two Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Made up of the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nerves branching out from the spinal cord.

5. Two Divisions of the PNS
Somatic NS – controls voluntary behaviors
Autonomic NS – controls involuntary behaviors
Sympathetic – “fight or flight”
Parasympathetic – “rest and digest”

8. The Neural Impulse
Synapse
- The gap between neurons.

9. Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters – Chemical messengers that relay neural messages across the synapse.
ANIMATION

10. 3 Types of Neurons:
-Sensory (afferent) neurons - carry messages from sense receptors towards the brain.
-Motor (efferent) neurons - carry messages from brain toward muscles and glands.
-Interneurons - carry messages between nerve cells.

11. Section 2
Studying the Brain

12. 3 Parts of the Brain:
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

13. Forebrain A part of the brain that covers the brain’s central core.
Includes:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Cerebrum
Limbic system
Amygdala
Hippocampus

14. Forebrain Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebral cortex
Integrates sensory input; relay station for all the information that travels to and from the brain.
Hypothalamus
Controls functions such as hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior; also controls temperature.
Cerebral cortex
Outer layer of the forebrain; gives you the ability to learn and store complex and abstract information.

16. Forebrain Cerebrum Limbic system Inner layer of the forebrain.
Various structures in the brain that regulate our emotions and motivations (includes: amygdala, hippocampus)

17. Midbrain
A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.
RAS:
Alerts the rest of the brain to incoming signals and is involved in the sleep/wake cycle.

18. Hindbrain
Located at the rear base of the skull; involved in the basic processes of life.
Includes:
Cerebellum
Medulla
Pons

19. Hindbrain Cerebellum Medulla Pons
Helps control posture, balance, and voluntary movements.
Medulla
Controls breathing, heart rate, and other reflexes.
Pons
Produces chemicals the body needs for sleep.

20. Parts of the Brain
Thalamus
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla
Brain stem

21. The 4 Lobes: Frontal lobe (organization, planning, creative thinking)
Parietal lobe (touch sensations)
Occipital lobe
(visual signals)
Temporal lobe
(hearing, speaking)

22. Left v Right Hemisphere

23. Split-Brain Operations
A treatment option for those suffering from grand mal seizures.
Separating the brain hemispheres by severing the corpus callosum lessons the number and severity of seizures.
Video
Mr. Split-Brainy

24. How do we study the BRAIN?
1. Recording (EEG)
2. Stimulation
3. Lesions
4. Accidents
- Phineas Gage
5. Images
(CAT, PET, MRI)

25. Recording Electroencephalograph (EEG):
A machine used to record electrical activity in the brain.

26. Stimulation
Wilder Penfield stimulated the brains of his patients during surgery to determine what functions the various parts of the brain perform.
He was able to localize the malfunctioning parts of the brain.

27. Lesions Lesions: cutting or destroying parts of the brain.
If the animal behaves differently after the operation, we can assume the destroyed brain area is involved with that type of behavior.

28. Accidents
Psychologists can learn about the brain when people are involved in accidents.
Psychologists try to draw a connection between the damaged parts of the brain and a person’s behavior.

29. Accidents – Phineas Gage
His frontal lobe was damaged, which caused his personality to change*
He became short-tempered and said inappropriate things.
Therefore, damage to the frontal lobe prevents censoring of thoughts and ideas.

30. Images CAT (computerized axial tomography)
Used to pinpoint injuries in the brain.
PET (positron emission tomography)
Used to see which brain areas are being activated while performing tasks.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
Used to study brain structures.

31. Section 3

32. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Endocrine System
(the body’s chemical messenger system)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

33. Endocrine System - Glands
Pituitary gland
Control center of the endocrine system that secretes a large number of hormones.
Known as the master gland.
Produces growth hormones.
Video Clip - Gigantism

34. Endocrine System - Glands
Thyroid gland
Produces the hormone thyroxin.
Hypothyroidism – makes people feel lazy and lethargic.
Hyperthyroidism – causes people to lose weight and be overactive.

35. Endocrine System - Glands
Adrenal glands
Release adrenaline into the bloodstream.
Causes heart rate and breathing to increase
Heightens emotions (fear, anxiety)

36. Endocrine System - Glands
Sex glands:
Ovaries
Produce eggs and the female hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Testes
Produce sperm and the male sex hormone testosterone.

37. Hormones vs Neurotransmitters
Endocrine System
Glands release hormones into the bloodstream.
Nervous System
Neurons release neurotransmitters to either excite or inhibit other neurons.

38. Heredity & Environment
Section 4
Heredity & Environment

39. Heredity
The genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to their offspring.

40. Nature v Nurture Nurture Nature ENVIRONMENT
Family, culture, education, and individual differences
John Watson
Nature
The characteristics a person inherits
Biological makeup
GENETICS
Sir Francis Galton

41. Genes – the basic building blocks of heredity.

42. Twin Studies Identical twins Fraternal twins
Come from ONE fertilized egg; also called monozygotic twins.
Fraternal twins
Come from TWO different eggs fertilized by two different sperm; also called dizygotic twins.
WHY STUDY TWINS???

43. End of Chapter 6