1. 1 Book Cover Here Criminal Investigation: A Method for Reconstructing the Past, 7 th Edition SECTION II APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES TO CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

2. 2 Book Cover Here Chapter 13 MANAGING CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS Criminal Investigation: A Method for Reconstructing the Past, 7 th Edition Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

3. 3 Criminal Investigations Is guided by new technology, new techniques and court decisions. Administrative Management – Selection and training of investigators (Rank vs. Assignment) – Reports and records (Separate career path) – Resource allocation (Budget, Media, Public, Politics Driven) Historical Antecedents: Founding fathers delegated law enforcement to the states – Crime was local in nature Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

4. 4 Criminal Investigations Crime was local in nature Only crime listed in the U.S. Constitution? Constitution discusses impeachment of the President Became a federal response as a result of: Population increase, Travel and Transportation, Communication, Public sentiment = Federal $. (1962 Pres. Kennedy, 1967 Safe Streets Act Pres. Johnson) Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

5. 5 Conventional Investigative Arrangements Police departments were formally organized in the nineteenth century Detective bureaus were established Personnel selection based partly on “political considerations ” = (Not what you know but who you know.) – This practice has continued even today Policy divided the force into separate camps – Uniformed and detective Organization – Detectives Specialists (More so today.) Why? Generalists Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

6. 6 Conventional Investigative Arrangements Investigation Specialist: Sophisticated Crime Crossing International borders. Cyber Crimes Human Trafficking Fraud (credit, insurance) Counterfeiting Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

7. 7 Managing Criminal Investigations MCI Model – Based on Measurable Criteria: 1.Number of Arrests 2.Number of Cases Cleared (But not prosecuted) 3.Number of Convictions (Involves Judges and Jurors.) 4.Number of Cases Accepted for Prosecution “Legal Analysis” / Plea Bargaining / In Custody for other crimes. Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

8. 8 Managing Criminal Investigations The Elements of MCI 1.The Initial Investigation (Heavy burden on patrol) 2.Case Screening 3.Management of the Continuing Investigation (Improved communication with patrol & Detectives.) 4.Police-Prosecutor Relations 5.Investigative Monitoring System (Supervisors) Cold Case Investigations Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

9. 9 Managing Criminal Investigations Cold Case Investigations - Better Technology - Improved and expanded record keeping (data-bases) - Hiring Retired Investigators for limited term employment. Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

10. 10 Potential Benefits of MCI 1.Increase in productivity 2.Reallocation of resources Proactive investigation Formation of task force units Better case preparation 3.Rejection of favoritism as the basis for promotion 4.Better educated and trained investigators Human resources (e.g., specialists) Workshops and Mini-Academies Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

11. 11 New Approaches CompStat and Real-Time Crime Centers (NYPD P.C. Wm. Bratton) - “Fusions Centers” - MOU with surveillance cameras. Predictive policing (LAPD Chief Wm. Bratton ) Statistical Probabilities Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

12. 12 New Approaches The Psychology of Crime Investigations – Social-Psychological Issues – Cognition – Acquiring Knowledge by use of reasoning, intuition & perception (Thinking) – Personality - ID = Instinct - Ego = Concept of self (defenses to threats and stress) - Super Ego = Conscience (right / Wrong) – Observation (Seeing is believing – Is it?) Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

13. 13 CompStat Most important change in the management of criminal investigation in recent years Introduced in the early 1990s in the NYPD Evaluative program based on quantitative statistics and what was then a sophisticated mapping program “A management process through which the NYPD identifies problems and measures the results of its problem solving activities” (SARA) Success of a criminal investigation depends largely on the ability of the investigators, their expertise, and the ability to bring to the fore the personal and support tools necessary to effective case management Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

14. 14 SARA Problem Solving Model Scanning (Problem Identification) Analysis Response Assessment Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

15. 15 Conclusion Routine nature of investigation does not mean investigations should be taken for granted Past “best practices” have given way to new techniques, technology, and procedures Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved