1. Organizing the Diversity of Life Chapter 2 Lecture Outline

2. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 2 Building Evolutionary Trees Systematist  Biologist who studies relationships among groups of organisms Evolutionary trees  Summary of the relationship of groups of organisms

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4. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 4 Constructing Evolutionary Trees Determine the distance of relationship  Similarity and differences Appearance Function  Tips of branches Different species  Common ancestors Branch points

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7. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 7 Shared Derived Features Common ancestry  Descendants share features  Group of close relatives  Each level has unique shared features

8. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 8 Convergent Features Shared features  Not from common ancestor  Evolved independently  Example: Opposable thumb Panda versus chimpanzee

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10. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 10 DNA Comparisons DNA is hereditary material  Most accurate means of showing relationships  Appearance and function based on DNA The genetic material serves as a blueprint for the characteristics

11. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 11 DNA and Characteristics Shared characteristics of DNA show relatedness between groups  Able to compare groups that have little apparent similarities  Example: comparing bacteria, plants, animals Show evolutionary relationships among many different groups

12. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 12 Predict the Biology of Organisms Evolutionary trees  Can be used to help make predictions  Based on shared derived features  Prediction of characteristics and behaviors of related organisms

13. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 13 Prediction of Parental Care A behavior characteristic may be predicted based on the evolutionary tree

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18. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 18 The Linnaean Hierarchy Classification system  Carolus Linnaeus  Levels from smallest to largest Species is lowest level Species grouped to form genus Scientific name  Genus: Homo  Species: sapiens  Homo sapiens

19. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 19 Levels of Linnaean Hierarchy Seven levels

20. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 20 Highest Levels of Classification Two kingdoms  Described by Linnaeus  Plants and animals Other classifications  Five to eight kingdoms Higher level:  Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

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22. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 22 Tree of Life

23. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 23 Evolutionary Relationships Consider the mushroom, a fungus  Is it more like an animal or a plant? How about a yeast cell, also a fungus?  Is it more like a bacteria or an animal? Evolutionary trees  Based on DNA  Help us to see less noticeable relationships  Important for understanding the nature and mechanisms of the organisms

24. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 24 Primate Evolutionary Tree Closest relatives to humans

25. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 25 Variations on the Tree of Life Horizontal gene transfer  Genes moved between lineages

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27. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 27 Changes in Evolutionary Trees Changes occur as more information is gathered Natural process of science  Evolutionary trees serve as a base for hypotheses  More information confirms or refutes ideas  Evolutionary trees become more stable as information is gathered

28. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 28 Concept Quiz Which of the following is the most accurate method of determining relatedness? A. Common appearance B. DNA C. Common behavior

29. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 29 Concept Quiz If two species share a common characteristic, such as a long tongue, does that mean they evolved from common ancestors? A. Yes B. No

30. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 30 Concept Quiz According to this evolutionary tree, which of the following is the least related to the fungi? A. Bacteria B. Plants C. Animals

31. Biology in the News Sasquatch Sighting Reported in Yukon Hair found after sighting of Sasquatch  DNA analysis of the hair Perfect match with bison DNA  If Sasquatch is a bipedal ape-man How would it fit with Linnaean hierarchy? With primates?  How could DNA match the bison if it’s a primate? © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 31

32. Terms Archaea Bacteria Class Convergent features Domain Eukarya Evolutionary tree Family Genus Horizontal gene transfer Kingdom Lineage Linnaean hierarchy © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 32

33. Terms Most recent common ancester Order Phylum Scientific name Shared derived features Systematist Taxon © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 33

34. 34 Discover Biology StudySpace http://www.wwnorton.com/college/biology/discoverbio4

35. 35 Additional Art from Chapter 2 All art files from the book are available in JPEG and PPT formats on the Instructor Resource Disc

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