2. The Rise of Totalitarianism
Benito Mussolini
Adolf Hitler
Joseph Stalin
Francisco Franco
Hideki Tojo

3. Totalitarianism
Centralized government: does not tolerate parties or differing opinions. A dictatorial control over all aspects of life
Authoritarianism: where ordinary citizens have no significant share in state decision-making
Ideology: a scheme of values distributed to direct the most significant aspects of public and private life
Cult of Personality: use of mass media to create an idealized public image, pursing religious like fervency among the populace.

4. Totalitarianism vs. Authoritarianism
'Authoritarian' refers to the structure of government rather than to society.
Totalitarian regimes seek to control virtually all aspects of the social life.
Including: economy, education, art, science, private life and morals of citizens.

5. Rise of Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism can be traced back to the Great War.
Attrition made required total effort
War required all institutions & individuals to subordinate their interests to victory
Russia (1917), Italy (1922), Germany (1933), Spain (1939), Japan (1926)

6. Russia Vladimir Lenin & emergence of USSR
After the Revolution in 1917 the Bolsheviks & Lenin had solidified control by 1923.
Lenin died in 1924  Joseph Stalin
Stalin subordinating the individual to the ‘party’.

7. Stalin’s Reign Stalin immediately shifted away from Lenin’s policy
Problems faced by Russia:
USSR had not fully industrialized, and had a weak military
Government remained unstable (Civil War/Lenin)
Economy stagnated

8. Stalinism “Stalinism”- Stalin’s style for the Soviet government Stalin
Rejected dissent
Stalin = sole interpreter
World wide Communist revolution post-poned
Economic Changes
Rapid Industrialization (Five Year Plans)
Collectivization of Agriculture
Effective BUT…
Purges
Millions killed
Guilty executed or sent to Gulag

9. Results of Stalinism: Ukraine Famine (Holodomor )
Ukranian Famine ( )
Resulted from forced collectivization
Broke the will of peasants to resist collectivization.
Ukraine traumatized
Death toll: Estimates range from 2-10 million.
“It showed the peasants who is the master here. It cost millions of lives, but the collective farm system is here to stay.”
- One of Stalin’s lieutenants in Ukraine

10. Italy & WWI WWI leaves Italy with many problems: Heavy debts
Did not receive the land promised by France & G.B.
Rising unemployment led to unrest, particularly in cities.

11. Italy & Mussolini Mussolini: Splits with Socialists over WWI
After WWI Mussolini envisioned a great Italian empire… a new Roman Empire.

12. March on Rome March on Rome: October, 1922
Coup d'état  Mussolini's National Fascist Party rise to power in Italy
Ousted Prime Minister
King Victor Emmanuel III handed power to Mussolini.
Mussolini widely supported by military, business, & liberal right-wing.
Mussolini quickly moved to establish dictatorship

13. Fascist Italy Blackshirts: Paramilitary group.
Used violence and intimidation against Mussolini's opponents.
Blackshirts & Secret police = more power for Mussolini
Black shirts have gov’t support: fear of a communist revolution.

14. Mussolini Rises to Power
1919: Founded National Fascist Party
“fasces”  Roman symbol unity/strength
Entered Parliament
Became Premier of Italy
Declared Italy a fascist dictatorship
No longer responsible to Parliament
Could only be removed by the king.

15. Fascism Fascism is a combination of many ideas
Corporatism: Power exercised through large organizations (businesses, trade unions) working with each other, directed by the state
Syndicalism: bringing industry & gov’t under control of labor unions
Nationalism, Expansionism, Social Progress, Anti-Communism in combination with censorship & state propaganda
Ideas of racial superiority

16. What is Fascism?
Believes humans are motivated by glory and heroism not economics.
Opposite of both Communism & Capitalism
Support a “Third Way” for economics, which was neither Communist nor Capitalist.
significant government control over business and labor

17. Nationalism, Race &Fascism
Struggle of nation & race fundamental in society
Communists emphasized class struggle
Nations bind people by their ancestry
Nations are natural & good
Fascism sought to solve economic, political, and social problems via ‘national rebirth’
Celebrates the nation & race above all else,
Cults of unity, strength and purity.

18. Communism Fascism Struggle between nations & races
Nations are natural thus national pride is emphasized
National viewpoint
Gov’t has some control over industry
History = class struggle
Nations are arbitrary  class should unite the world
Global viewpoint
Gov’t runs industry

19. Germany: Weimar Republic
A parliamentary republic established in 1919.
Faced numerous problems
Hyperinflation
Political extremists
War Reparations
Collapsed in the early 1930s

20. Adolf Hitler Austrian-born German Decorated WWI veteran
Leader of the National Socilaist German Workers Party (NSDAP) better known as the Nazi Party

21. Hitler By 1921 Hitler & Oratory ability Nazi Party: Centered in Munich
German nationalist movement
S.A. (Sturmabteilung)
Stormtroopers/”brown shirts”
Paramilitary organization
S.S. (Schutzstaffel)
Stormtroopers loyal to Hitler
Gestapo: official secret police of Nazi Germany

22. Beer Hall Putsch November, 1923
Failed Coup attempt
Hitler wanted to emulate the March on Rome
November 8th: Declares a new government in a Beer Hall
November 9th –The March Begins
To Bavarian War Ministry
Clash with police and march destroyed

23. Arrest, Trial, Prison Hitler arrested for High Treason Trial
Uses trial as a platform
Gains noteriety & popularity
April 1924 – Sentenced to 5 years
Served less than one year
Mein Kampf: “My Struggle”
Part Autobiography part political rant
Helps spread his ideas.

24. Strategy of Legality Hitler changed his strategy to come to power.
The Strategy of Legality:
adhere to the rules of Weimar
Use the institutions of Weimar Republic to destroy it/come to power

25. Depression, Election By 1930 the Depression strikes Germany
President Paul von Hindenburg ran for re-election in 1932
The only one who could defeat Hitler
Wins election
Has difficulty fending off Nazis
1933 Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany

26. Reichstag Fire February 1933: Reichstag set on fire
The fire began Hitler’s rise to total power
Reichstag Fire Decree (February ‘33)
Suspends civil liberties.
Enabling Act (March ’33)
Parliament gave Hitler's legislative powers.
Hindenburg dies (August ’34)
Hitler declared the office of President vacant
Hitler makes himself head of state or "Führer”

27. Propaganda Triumph of the Will – Leni Riefenstahl

28. Hermann Göring - designated successor, and commander of the Luftwaffe
Joseph Goebbels- Minister of Propaganda. One of Hitler’s closest associates/followers. Archetect of Kristallnacht
Heinrich Himmler – One of most powerful Nazis. Over saw police forces, SS, & Gestapo

29. Adolf Eichmann: “The architect of the Holocaust” -managed the mass deportation of Jews to ghettos &extermination camps
Rudolf Hess: “Deputy to the Fuhrer” Adolf Hitler’s deputy in Nazi Party.
Dr. Josef Mengele: “Angel of Death” -- At Auschwitz. he determined who was to be killed and who was to do forced labor.
human experiments

30. Francisco Franco Head of State of Spain from 1936-1975.
Franco's governance went through various phases
All emphasized:
Spanish nationalism
Maintaining territorial integrity
Catholicism
Anti-Communism
Emphasis on traditional values

31. Spanish Civil War
: It began after a coup by Spanish Army Generals
The war ended with the victory of the rebel forces
Republican gov’t overthrown
Dictatorship established with Franco at it’s helm.

32. Spanish Civil War: Petri Dish
The War increased tensions in Europe
Proxy War?
Use of third parties as substitutes for direct fighting
New tactics tried
Blitzkrieg (“lightning war”)
New tank warfare tactics
Terror bombing of cities from the air.

33. Guernica
Pablo Picasso depicts the bombing of Guernica by German & Italian war planes.

34. Emperor Hirohito & Hideki Tojo
Emperor of Japan prior to and during WWII
Sanctioned the attack on Pearl Harbor & war with the US
TOJO
Prime Minister of Japan during much of during much of WWII
After the end of the war, sentenced to death for war crimes

35. The Empire of Japan
Rapid industrialization and Militarization emergence as a world power
Leads to membership in the Axis Alliance of WWII
Gained notoriety war crimes against the people within their Empire.

36. Extent of Empire

37. Nanking Massacre: Rape of Nanking
1937: A six week period
Hundreds of thousands of civilians murdered
20,000–80,000 women were raped by Japanese soldiers

38. Timeline 1931-32 Japan invades Manchuria 1935: Italy invades Ethiopia
Germany reintroduces Conscription (violation)
1936
Germany Remilitarized Rhineland
Franco revolts against Spainish Gov’t.
Tripartate Pact:
First Concentration Camps
1937
Japan – full scale invasion of China (Rape of Nanking)
1938
Anschluss: Germany invades/ annex Austria
Hitler claims Sudetenland
Germany seizes Czechoslovakia
1939
Italy invades/annexes Albania
Hitler demands Danzig (Poland)
Sept. 1, 1939

39. Rhineland
Manchuria
Sudetenland