1. SCLY4 Crime & Globalisation Revision Cards 2014

2. 7. Globalisation and Crime
Includes:
What is globalisation?
The extent of the global crime economy
Globalisation and :risk consciousness, capitalism and organisation
Green crime
Human rights and state crimes
Think about:
Power, harm and interconnectedness
Crimes of the powerful
Nation states/large corporations power
Cause major harm
Hidden crime
Unpunished crime
Zemiology
Beyond traditional criminology
How crime is defined
The study of harm
Crimes without frontiers
Beyond national boundaries
Global connections = more opportunities

3. How to focus on this topic..
Globalisation is a ‘game-changer’ for the study of crime
Globalisation = new forms of crime/new opportunities
Global crime = a challenge for ‘nation-states’ and law making/jurisdiction (hard to police)
Global crimes by powerful groups = able to define laws (to serve selves), able to hide crimes, able to escape punishment
Global crimes = high level of harm/damage (to environment or to citizens)
You can use these as strands to return to again and again in your analysis of them.
These revision cards try to focus on these strands for you.

4. The extent of Global crime
What is globalisation?
The increasing interconnectedness of societies
‘the widening, deepening and speeding up of world wide interconnectedness’ (Held)
causes: global media, cheap travel, ICT, migration, business links
Crime across national borders
The level of Global crime
Manuel Castells – global crime economy = £1 trillion per year
Arms trafficking
Trafficking nuclear materials
People smuggling/illegal immigrants
Prostitution/slavery
Sex tourism
Cyber crimes (fraud/pornography)
Terrorism
Green crime
Drugs trade
Money laundering
Global risk consciousness (Beck)
Fears of harm/need protection
Media exaggeration/moral panics
Immigration worries (welfare/jobs)
Led to tighter border controls
9/11 terrorism and consequences
Capitalism and crime
Ian Taylor – greater inequality = crime
Businesses (TNCs) switch to low-wage countries = poverty = insecurity + frustration = poor people turn to crime
New crim. Opportunities for rich and powerful = insider trading/tax avoidance/moving funds
Capitalist employers using foreign labour + breaching laws
Demand (rich west) + Supply (3rd world)

5. New patterns of criminal organisation
GLOCAL organisation
Hobbs & Dunningham
Global economic changes = local crime organisation
Individuals with contacts form a ‘hub’
Loose-knit networks – NOT hierarchy (different to subcultures and traditional ‘mafia’ style gangs)
Key root = local context
But has global connections
Each locality will affect the nature of the criminal organisation (global crime filtered through a local lens)
Example – old industry shut because of global competition = nocturnal economy in Sunderland – bouncers/body capital
Evaluation
Not clear if these hubs are ‘new’
Older structures may still run alongside
McMafia
Glenny
Organisations emerging after fall of communism in 1989
Deregulation of global markets
Communism falls = free market except for natural resources, ie) oil
Russian govt controlled these and kept prices low (communist officials bought these for next to nothing)
They sold them abroad = high price
Became very rich/powerful – oligarchs
Ex-KGB/former convicts formed mafias - used to protect this new wealthy class, ie) Chechen Mafia
Not like Italian mafia – kin/hierarchy
These mafias were purely economic/ driven by greed
Chechen Mafia became a brand – ruthless/protection rackets
Exported brand elsewhere
Built links around the world

6. Green Crime Global risk society and environment
Crime against the environment
Planet is a single eco-system (goes beyond national boundaries)
Examples: air pollution, water pollution, nuclear disasters
Mainly ‘man-made’ risks today
Beck – manufactured risks are damaging humanity (made by industry/transport etc)..go beyond national boudaries
2. Green Criminology
Traditional criminology
Harm to the environment may be defined as ‘legal’ though
Traditional criminology is tied to ‘criminal law’ and green crime ignored
Situ & Emmons – see env. Crime as ‘an unauthorised act or omission that violates the law’ – a definition that is limited by the law and who control it
Green criminology (Rob White)
Focus on harm rather than law
Some of worst harm = not illegal
This is transgressive criminology that moves beyond traditional criminology
Different countries have diff. laws
Looks at crimes of the powerful – like Marxists note invisible/escape punish.
2 views of harm
Anthropocentric view – human view – man can exploit envt. (businesses)
Ecocentric view – humans and envt. are linked…envt. needs protecting from global capitalism
3.Types of Green Crime (Nigel South)
Primary crimes
Direct result of destroying Earth’s resources:
(a) crimes of air pollution
(b) crimes of deforestation
(c) crimes of species decline/animal rights
(d) crime of water pollution
Secondary crimes
Result from flouting the rules to prevent disasters:
State violence against opp. Groups
eg) French Govt – Greenpeace ship attack
Hazardous waste and organised crime
eg) business dispose of waste illegally, ship
waste to 3rd world/role of ‘ecomafia’ Italy

7. Examples of ‘Green’ crimes/studies Evaluation
Bhopal disaster
India – Union Carbide
Leaking cyanide – safety failure
30 tons of gas = 20’000 deaths and 120’000 continue suffering
Air pollution – from industry/transport
Deforestation – Amazon for beef cattle
Water Pollution – 25 million die each yr from contaminated water (toxic waste and untreated sewage)
Day – those who oppose governments supporting nuclear power/arms are seen as ‘enemies of the state’ (Greenpeace)
Walters– ‘ocean floor has been a radioactive rubbish dump for decades’
Bridgland – 2004 Tsunami = barrels of radioactive waste dumped by European countries washed up by Somalia
Rosoff – notes how cheap disposing of toxic waste in 3rd World coiuntries
 recognises importance of global issues
 shows where law is lacking where harm is concerned
 reveals how the powerful define laws and hide crimes
 hard to define the boundaries of ‘green criminology’
 definitions are value-laden with moral criteria used

8. The extent of ‘state crime’
What are state crimes?
Crimes of the powerful - ‘state organised crime’ (Chambliss)
Green & Ward ‘illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by, or with complicity of, state agencies’
The state is able to define what is criminal
Examples – genocide, torture, imprisonment without trial, assassination
McLaughlin – 4 categories of state crime
Political crimes
Crime by security/police forces
Economic crimes
Social/cultural crimes
The extent of state crime
Michalowski & Kramer argue that these crimes are s0 serious because:
The state has a monopoly on violence – potential to cause much harm
It can conceal it’s crimes and avoid punishment
It is hard to police the actions of these states (by other states)
It makes laws and can use them to control/persecute their enemies

9. The extent of ‘state crime’
Example of state crimes?
Cambodia (1975-8) – Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge government killed 2 million people
Nazi Germany – persecution of Jews, the Final Solution
Guantanamo Bay – US using excessive methods with terror ‘suspects’
Iraq – Saddam Hussein attacking the Kurds in Northern Iraq
Vietnam – My Lai massacre of 400 civilians by US troops during Vietnam war
Hiroshima/Nagasaki – Atomic bombs dropped by US on Japanese cities in WW2
The Violation of Human Rights
Natural Rights/Civil Rights
Protection from state
Schwendinger & Schwendinger
Crime = level of violation of human rights (harm/zemiology)
States denying basic human rights
Crimes include: racism, sexism, homophobia, economic exploitation
Evaluation
Cohen – not objective/easy to explore ‘economic exploitation’
There is limited agreement on what is classed as a human right

10. How states crimes become possible
States ‘hiding’ their crimes
Cohen – state crimes are being explored more within criminology and notes how states try to hide/ legitimate their crimes
Denial
3 stages – didn’t happen/its not what it seems/its justified
Neutralisation theory
Applies Matza’s model for justifying deviant behaviour
Techniques : denial of victim, denial of injury, denial of responsibility, condemning the condemners, appeal to higher loyalty
State crime as acceptable
How normal people perform evil acts on behalf of states
Kelman & Hamilton – 3 factors that create ‘crimes of obedience’:
Authorisation – given permission = duty to obey
Routinisation – role/detached
Dehumanisation – enemy seen as sub-human (linked to propaganda)
Dehumanisation and modernisation
Science and technology help states to commit these crimes (Bauman)
They dehumanise and turn mass murder in a routine/admin task
Negotiation/social construction

11. Globalisation & Crime (bring together)
Levels/types(Castells)
GLOBAL
CRIME
Risk consciousness
Evaluation
Issue of defining crime
Objectivity/values
Political flavour (committed sociology)
Global capitalism
Organisations
Glocal
McMafia
Examine Globalisation
& Crime
STATE CRIME
GREEN CRIME
Global risk consciousness
Green criminology + harm
Types of green crime
Examples
Evaluation
What are state crimes?
The level of harm
Examples
Violations of human rights
How states conceal crimes (denial)
How states make such crime acceptable