1. Organic chemistry Carbon!

2. Organic Chemistry WWWWhat are isomers? Isomers have the same formula, but different structures. http://www.hcc.mnscu.edu/chem/V.19/page_id_14587.html

3.  What are primary, secondary and tertiary carbons? http://www.tutornext.com/help/primary-hydrogen-atoms

4. Organic Chemistry  What trends do organic molecules display?  Volitility: (IM forces) Alkane > halogenalkane > aldehyde > ketone > alcohol > carboxylic acid Alkane > halogenalkane > aldehyde > ketone > alcohol > carboxylic acid  Solubility: The longer the chain, the less soluble. The longer the chain, the less soluble. The more polar the functional group, the more soluble. The more polar the functional group, the more soluble.

5. Organic Chemistry  What do we know about alkanes? General formula is C n H (2n+2) General formula is C n H (2n+2) Saturated hydrocarbons Saturated hydrocarbons Stable bonds makes for low chemical activity. Stable bonds makes for low chemical activity. Combust well Combust well Very non-polar Very non-polar Undergo substitution reactions with halogens to make halogen alkanes under UV light. Undergo substitution reactions with halogens to make halogen alkanes under UV light.

6. Organic Chemistry  What do we know about alkenes? Have the formula C n H 2n Have the formula C n H 2n Unsaturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons Undergo addition reactions with hydrogen (hydrogenation) water (hydration) halogens or hydrogen halides Undergo addition reactions with hydrogen (hydrogenation) water (hydration) halogens or hydrogen halides Polymerization will change a monomer into a polymer. Polymerization will change a monomer into a polymer.

7. Organic Chemistry  What do we know about alcohols? Have OH functional group. Have OH functional group. General formula C n H (2n+1) OH General formula C n H (2n+1) OH OH group increases polarity. OH group increases polarity. Combust easily Combust easily Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols Primary alcohols become aldehydes and carboxylic acid under oxidation Primary alcohols become aldehydes and carboxylic acid under oxidation Secondary alcohols become ketones under oxidation. Secondary alcohols become ketones under oxidation. Tertiary alcohols don’t oxidize. Tertiary alcohols don’t oxidize.

8. Organic Chemistry  What do we know about halogenalkanes? They have the general formula C n H (2n+1) X where X is the halogen. They have the general formula C n H (2n+1) X where X is the halogen. The halogen group can be replaced with a substitution reaction to create many things. The halogen group can be replaced with a substitution reaction to create many things. Primary halogenalkanes go though S N 2 mechanism. Primary halogenalkanes go though S N 2 mechanism. Tertiary halogenalkanes go through S N 1 mecanism Tertiary halogenalkanes go through S N 1 mecanism

9. Organic Chemistry  What is SN2? First is the slow step of OH attaching to central carbon of primary halogenalkane. First is the slow step of OH attaching to central carbon of primary halogenalkane. The Cl quickly breaks off forming the alcohol. The Cl quickly breaks off forming the alcohol. The first step is the rate determining making it dependent on the concentration of both. The first step is the rate determining making it dependent on the concentration of both. This makes it bimolecular. This makes it bimolecular. S=substitution S=substitution N=nucleophilic N=nucleophilic 2=bimolecular 2=bimolecular

10. Organic Chemistry WWWWhat is SN1? The shape causes a steric hinderance (shape problems). First the molecule has to ionize, breaking the carbon- halogen bond (carbocation) which is slow. When it is open, the OH group attaches quickly. The first step is rate determining and depends only on one molecule. S=substitution N=nucleophilic 1=unimolecular

11.  What are the reaction pathways? These are steps an organic compound can go through to reach a new compound. These are steps an organic compound can go through to reach a new compound. dihalogenalkane Halogenalkane Trihalogenalkane tetrahalogenalkane alkene alkane alcohol Primary secondary ketonealdehydeCarboxylic acid