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AP Biology 2006-2007 DNA The Genetic Material
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AP Biology Scientific History The march to understanding that DNA is the genetic material T.H. Morgan (1908) Frederick Griffith (1928) Avery, McCarty & MacLeod (1944) Hershey & Chase (1952) Watson & Crick (1953) Meselson & Stahl (1958)
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AP Biology Genes are on chromosomes T.H. Morgan working with Drosophila (fruit flies) genes are on chromosomes but is it the protein or the DNA of the chromosomes that are the genes? 1908 | 1933
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AP Biology The “Transforming Factor” 1928 Frederick Griffith Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria was working to find cure for pneumonia harmless live bacteria mixed with heat-killed infectious bacteria causes disease in mice substance passed from dead bacteria to live bacteria = “Transforming Factor”
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AP Biology The “Transforming Factor” Transformation? something in heat-killed bacteria could still transmit disease-causing propertieshttp://www1.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=113347&title=History_of_DNAhttp://www1.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=113347&title=History_of_DNA live pathogenic strain of bacteria live non-pathogenic strain of bacteria mice diemice live heat-killed pathogenic bacteria mix heat-killed pathogenic & non-pathogenic bacteria mice livemice die A.B. C. D. http://nortonbooks.com/college/biology/animations/ch12a01.htm
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AP Biology DNA is the “Transforming Factor” Avery, McCarty & MacLeod purified both DNA & proteins from Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria which will transform non-pathogenic bacteria? injected protein into bacteria no effect injected DNA into bacteria transformed harmless bacteria into virulent bacteria 1944 What ’ s the conclusion?
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AP Biology Avery, McCarty & MacLeod Oswald Avery Maclyn McCarty Colin MacLeod 1944
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AP Biology Confirmation of DNA Hershey & Chase classic “blender” experiment worked with bacteriophage viruses that infect bacteria grew phage viruses in 2 media, radioactively labeled with either 35 S in their proteins 32 P in their DNA infected bacteria with labeled phages 1952 | 1969 Hershey Why use S ulfur vs. P hosphorus?
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AP Biology Protein coat labeled with 35 S DNA labeled with 32 P bacteriophages infect bacterial cells T2 bacteriophages are labeled with radioactive isotopes S vs. P bacterial cells are agitated to remove viral protein coats 35 S radioactivity found in the medium 32 P radioactivity found in the bacterial cells Which radioactive marker is found inside the cell? Which molecule carries viral genetic info? Hershey & Chase
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AP Biology
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Blender experiment Radioactive phage & bacteria in blender 35 S phage radioactive proteins stayed in supernatant therefore protein did NOT enter bacteria 32 P phage radioactive DNA stayed in pellet therefore DNA did enter bacteria Confirmed DNA is “transforming factor” Taaa-Daaa! http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter14/animations.html
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AP Biology Hershey & Chase Alfred HersheyMartha Chase 1952 | 1969 Hershey
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AP Biology Chargaff DNA composition: “Chargaff’s rules” varies from species to species all 4 bases not in equal quantity bases present in characteristic ratio humans: A = 30.9% T = 29.4% G = 19.9% C = 19.8% 1947 That ’ s interesting! What do you notice? http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/21-chargaff-ratios.html
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AP Biology Structure of DNA Watson & Crick developed double helix model of DNA other scientists working on question: Rosalind Franklin Maurice Wilkins Linus Pauling 1953 | 1962 Franklin WilkinsPauling
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AP Biology Watson and Crick 1953 article in Nature CrickWatson http://www.dnaftb.org/19/animation.html
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AP Biology Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) http://www.dnalc.org/view/15874-Franklin-s-X-ray.html http://www.dnalc.org/search?q=Rosalind+Franklin
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AP Biology Copying DNA Replication of DNA base pairing allows each strand to serve as a template for a new strand
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AP Biology Models of DNA Replication Alternative models so how is DNA copied? conservativesemiconservative Can you design a nifty experiment to verify? dispersive
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AP Biology Semi-conservative replication Meselson & Stahl label “parent” nucleotides in DNA strands with heavy nitrogen = 15 N label new nucleotides with lighter isotope = 14 N “The Most Beautiful Experiment in Biology” 1958 parentreplication Make predictions …
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AP Biology Semi-conservative replication Make predictions… 15 N strands replicated in 14 N medium 1st round of replication? 2nd round? 1958 where should the bands be? http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/mes elson.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/007243731 6/120076/bio22.swf::Meselson and Stahl Experiment
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AP Biology Franklin Stahl Matthew Meselson Franklin Stahl Meselson & Stahl
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AP Biology proteinRNA The “Central Dogma” DNA transcriptiontranslation replication Flow of genetic information in a cell
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AP Biology 2006-2007 Science …. Fun Party Time! Any Questions??
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