1. Adverbs and Prepositions

2. Adverbs A word that describes a verb is an adverb.
Adverbs tell how, when, or where an action happens.
Many adverbs end in –ly. Here is a list of common adverbs.
How When Where
fast tomorrow here
hard later inside
together again far
happily often upstairs
quietly first downtown
secretly next somewhere
slowly then forward

3. Comparing with Adverbs
Adverbs have special forms for comparisons.
To compare two actions add –er to most short adverbs.
To compare three or more actions add –est to most short adverbs.

4. Rules for Comparing with Adverbs
1.) Most short adverbs: Ex: late,
add –er or –est to the adverb later, latest
2.)Most adverbs of two or more Ex: often,
syllables: more often,
Use more or most with the most often
adverb

5. Adverb or Adjective?
Many adverbs end in –ly. These words look the same and are easy to confuse!
Incorrect- He writes clear.(Adj.)
Correct- He writes clearly. (Adv.)
Use an adj. to describe a noun and an adv. to describe a verb.
Lee has quick moves. (Adj.)
She moves quickly.(Adv.)
Good is always an adj. Use good before a noun or after a linking verb. Don’t use it to mean “healthy.”
Well is an adverb which can describe a verb. Also, use it as an adj. to mean “healthy.”
Ex: Sam draws frogs well. (Adv.)
She isn’t well today. (Adj.)

6. Prepositions
A preposition relates another word in the sentence to the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition.
Ex: We found it on the shelf
We found it under the shelf.
The noun or pronoun that follows a preposition is the object of the preposition.
Ex: I liked the book with the blue cover.
**Copy list of common prepositions!!!!

7. Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition, the object of the preposition, and all the other words in between them.
Ex: We packed the fruit in our knapsacks.
The object of the preposition can be a compound object.
Ex: We took enough oranges for Freddy and Sue.
The prepositional phrase can be at the beginning, middle, or end of the sentence.
Ex: At dawn we began our walk.
The map of the area was helpful.
The path went by the forest and a large lake.
When the object of the preposition is a pronoun, use an object pronouns. (me, you, him, her, it, us, and them)

8. Adverb or Preposition ?
Some words can be either used as an adverb or a prepostion.
Ex: Susan ran inside.(Adv.)
Her hat was inside the store.(Prep.)
If the word begins a prepositional phrase it is a preposition. Otherwise it is an adverb.
Words used as adverbs or prepositions:
above near inside
along off
around over
below out
by outside
down under
in up

9. Independent and Dependent Clauses
A clause is a group of words that work together. They contain at least a subject and a verb.
An Independent Clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.
Example: Joey rode the bus.
A Dependent Clause, also called a fragment, does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.
Example: When Joey rode the bus.
A dependent clause may begin with : until, when, after, since, as , who or that
A dependent clause must be paired with at least one independent clause to create a complete sentence.
Ex: After I went skating yesterday, I ran into an old friend in the parking lot.
A comma is used between two independent clauses, and it is placed before the conjunction
Ex: My teacher is intelligent, and I've learned a lot from her.

10. If a dependent clause comes at the beginning of a sentence, and an independent clause comes at the end. You put a comma after the dependent clause.
Ex: Although Tom reads novels, Jack reads comics.

11. .
Sentences
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.
Ex: Some students like to study in the mornings.
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (FANBOYS.)  
Ex: I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.
Ex: When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page. 
Compound-complex -more than one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
Ex: After it was all over, my dad claimed he knew we were planning something, but we think he was really surprised.