2. Learning about language

3. 1. Answer keys for Ex1 on Page4: 1.trust 2.upset 3.loose 4.calm down 5.crazy 6. set down 7. go through 8. on purpose 9. face to face 10. according to

4. 2. Answer keys for Ex. 2 on page 4: Anne’s sister, Margot, was very ______ that the family had to move. She found it difficult to settle and ___________ in the hiding place because she was _________ ______ whether they would be discovered. She knew she had to _______ her parents and ___________ them this was necessary. At first she thought she would go _______ but later she realized that it was better to ___________ this together. upset calm down concerned about trust according to crazy go through

5. 3. Answer keys for Ex.3 on page 4: 1.If you are concerned about somebody, you want to offer help because you are worried about him/her. 2.Was it an accident or did David do it on purpose? 3.From the very beginning, Paul made it clear that he would be entirely in control. 4.He used to work outdoors even in the middle of winter.

6. 5. Nature is all the animals, plants and other things in the world that are not made by people, and all the events that are not caused by people. 6. Just the thought of more food made her feel sick.

7. have to = have got to Assignment: find out all the sentences in warming up and reading that contain have to or have got to. And then transfer it into the other form. (5 sentences) It’s a duty to do something.

8. Grammar 直接引语和间接引语 Direct and Indirect Speech

9. Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech (1) 1. 转述他人的陈述 → 陈述句 → She asked me what I was doing. 1) He said, “I’m going to Beijing.” → He said that he was going to Beijing. 2) He asked, “Are you a teacher?” → He asked me if /whether I was a doctor. 3) She said, “What are you doing?” 2. 转述他人的疑问 → 一般疑问句 3. 转述他人的问题 → 特殊疑问句

10. 直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化 He said, “I have been to the Great Wall. ” He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall. He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday. ” He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday. 陈述句 陈述句 用连词 that 引导， that 在口语中常省略。主句 的谓语动词可直接用引语中的 said, 也可用 told 来代替，注意，可以说 said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that ，不可直接说 told that 用连词 that 引导， that 在口语中常省略。主句 的谓语动词可直接用引语中的 said, 也可用 told 来代替，注意，可以说 said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that ，不可直接说 told that

11. 解题步骤 : 1. 陈述句 : “I don’t like computers,” Sarah said to her friends. Sarah said to her friendsthat I don’t like computers. said didn’tshe Sarah said to her friends that she didn’t like computers. Sarah

12. 一般疑问句 He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?” He asked (me) whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation. He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?” He asked whether I was interested in English. 间接引语用连词 whether 或 if 引导，原主句中 谓语动词 said 要改为 asked(me/him/us 等 ) ， 语序是陈述句的语序 间接引语用连词 whether 或 if 引导，原主句中 谓语动词 said 要改为 asked(me/him/us 等 ) ， 语序是陈述句的语序

13. 2. 一般疑问句 : Is it easy to improve the condition of the soil? ( They asked him ) They asked him if It is easy to improve the condition of the soil. it is easy to improve the condition of the soil. askediswas They asked him if it was easy to improve the condition of the soil.

14. 特殊疑问句 He said to me ， “What's your name?” He asked me what my name was. He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?” He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country. 原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主 句的谓语动词用 ask(sb. ) 来表达，语序改 为陈述句语序 原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主 句的谓语动词用 ask(sb. ) 来表达，语序改 为陈述句语序

15. 3. 特殊疑问句： When do you harvest the wheat ? ( They asked him ) They asked himWhen you harvest the wheat you harvest the wheat. he harvested They asked him when he harvested the wheat.

16. 选择疑问句 He asked, “Do you speak English or French?” He asked me whether I spoke English or French. I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?” I asked him whether he would take bus or take train. 用 whether … or … 表达，而不用 if … or … ，也 不用 either … or … 用 whether … or … 表达，而不用 if … or … ，也 不用 either … or …

17. 5. 注意地点的变化 在直接引语变为间接引语时需要注意的变化 1. 注意时态的变化 2. 注意人称变化。 3. 注意指示代词的变化 4. 注意时间的变化 6. 注意个别趋向动词的变化

18. When you change a sentence from direct speech to indirect speech, you sometimes need to change the verb tense. You may also need to change pronouns, time in order to keep the same meaning. Direct indirect Presentpast Past past and past perfect Present perfect past perfect Past perfectpast perfect

19. The geography teacher told us that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 谓语动词时态变化需要注意几点： 1. 直接引语表述的是客观真理，变为间接引语时， 时态不变 The geography teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.”

20. She says that she’ll never forget the days in the country. 2. 如果直接引语所表述的内容在目前和说话时 同样有效，变间接引语时，时态可不变 The children said, “We love this game.” They told us that they love that game. 3. 主句谓语动词的时态是现在时态，在引述时， 时态不变。 She says, “I’ll never forget the days in the country.”

21. 1. 当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候 2. 当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语 时 3. 当直接引语中有以 when, while 引导的从 句，表示过去的时间时 4. 当引语是谚语、格言时 5. 当直接引语中有情态动词 should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need 时 从句时态无须改变的还有以下情况 :

22. 直接引语 间接引语 指示 代词 地点状语 方向性动词 this, that, these those now,then,todaythat day this week that week yesterday the day before last week the week before four days agofour days before the day before yesterday two days before tomorrow the next day next month the next month here there come, go,bringtake

23. 直接引语中的助动词间接引语中的助动词 shallshould Should （不变） willwould Would （不变） maymight Might （不变） cancould Could （不变） mustMust/had to

24. Exercises: 1. He said, “I m afraid I can’t finish this work.” 2.He said, “I haven’t heard from him since May.” 3.Tom said “I will see you next week.” He said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish that work. He said that he hadn’t heard from him since May. Tom said that he would see me the next week.

25. 4. “Why were you late again?” The teacher said to me. 5. “I don’t like swimming,” said Sarah. 6. His friends asked him if he would go to Dalian. 7. “Have you been to Paris?” My classmate asked me. The teacher asked me why I was late again. Sarah said she didn’t like swimming. His friends asked him, “Will you go to Dalian?” My classmate asked me if I had been to Paris.

26. “Let me help!” A: …? C: He asked you…. B: …. C: He said / told you that….

27. 1. Jack said to me, “You look worried today.” Jack told me that ___ worried ___. A. he looks…today B. you look…today C. we looked…that day D. I looked…that day Exercises

28. 2. We said to her, “They’re walking through the street now.” We told her that ___ through the street ___. A. we were walking…then B. you are walking…now C.they were walking…then D. they walking…now

29. 3. Mr Black said, “I have walked a long way this week.” Mr Black said that __ a long way __. A. I had walked…last week B. he had walked…that week C. I walked…last week D. he has walked…this week

30. 4. The man thought, “I shall take it back tomorrow.” The man thought that __ take it back ____. A. I shall…tomorrow B. I shall…the next day C. he should…tomorrow D. he would …the next day

31. 5. They said to us, “Are you afraid to leave this house ?” They asked us ____ afraid to leave _____ house. A. that were we…this B. that we were…that C. if were we …this D. if we were…that

32. 6. Jane said, “What did he hear about a week ago?” Jane asked ____ about _____. A. that he heard…a week ago B. what he had heard…the week before C. what he had herd… a week ago D. if he heard…the week ago

33. 7. She asked, “Whose house will he break into next time ?” She asked whose house ____ break into _____. A. will he…next time B. would he…the next time C. he would…the next time D. he will…next time

34. 8. Jack said to her, “Where do you spend your holidays?” Jack asked her where ____ holidays. A. she spent her B. you spend your C. she spend her D. you spent your

35. 9. Black asked me, “ Why haven’t you left here yet?” Black asked me why ____ yet. A. I hadn’t left there B. I haven’t left here C. hadn’t I left there D. haven’t I left here

36. 10. The teacher asked her, “|Does the sun rise in the east ?” The teacher asked her ___ the sun ___ in the east. A. if…rise B. if…rises C. whether…rose D. whether did …rise