1. Cellular Respiration Overview Living things get most of the energy they need from glucose. Autrotrophs make glucose using photosynthesis Heterotrophs get glucose from food they eat Cellular Respiration The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

2. Cellular Respiration Overview Cellular Respiration Overall Equation 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy Three Stages 1. Glycolysis 2. Kreb’s Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain The Main form of Energy produced = ATP

3. Glucose Glycolysis Cytoplasm Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Electron Transport Chain Mitochondrion Cellular Respiration: An Overview Mitochondrion

4. Glycolysis Glyco = Glucoselysis = Breakdown Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell Molecules of GLUCOSE are broken down into 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid. Cell must use (invest) 2 ATP Produces Energy Carrier Molecules 4 ATP 2 NADH

5. Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvic Acid To the Electron Transport Chain

7. The “Mighty” Mitochondria The mitochondria is the organelle where the final stages of cellular respiration occurs. Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain Cells that use a lot of energy have high numbers of mitochondria. Example: Muscle cells in the heart!!

8. Kreb’s Cycle Aerobic Process = Only if oxygen is present!! Occurs in the MATRIX of the mitochondria Pyruvic Acid from Glycolysis enters to form 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH 2 CO 2 (which is released when we exhale!!) AKA….Citric Acid Cycle

9. Electron Transport Chain Energy carrier molecules produced during Glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle enter the ETC Occurs in the folds of the Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria (Cristae) The electrons are passed down a chain of proteins until they reach the final electron acceptor…..oxygen! So this step is aerobic (requires oxygen) The ETC produces 32 ATP and H 2 O

10. ATP Synthase Uses the flow of H + to make ATP. Works like an ion pump in reverse, or like a waterwheel under the flow of H + “water”.

12. Cellular Respiration Flowchart Section 9-2 Glucose (C 6 H 12 0 6 ) + Oxygen (0 2 ) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) + Water (H 2 O)

14. DOING THE MATH: GlycolysisATP Glycolysis, in cytoplasm, no O 2 4 ATP* Krebs CycleATP Krebs Cycle, in matrix, no O 2 2 ATP Electron transport chainsATP Electron transport chains, with O 2 32 ATP ATP TOTAL:38 ATP (-2 ATP)* --------------- ATP NET YIELD, 1 glucose: 36 net ATP (*minus 2 ATP used for activation energy in glycolysis)

15. What happens if NO OXYGEN is available?? The Kreb’s Cycle and Electron Transport Chain can’t function!! These are anaerobic conditions!!

16. Fermentation The cell can use Fermentation instead!! Occurs in the Cytoplasm Just like glycolysis!! Fermentation A series of reactions that convert NADH (from glycolysis) back into NAD allowing glycolysis to keep producing a small amount of ATP

17. 2 Types of Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Yeasts use this process to form ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste products. This causes bread dough to rise This is how some alcoholic beverages are made Pyruvic Acid + NADH  alcohol + CO 2 + NAD+

18. Lactic Acid Fermentation Occurs in bacteria (unicellular organisms) This is how cheese, yogurt, and pickles are made. Occurs in muscles during rapid exercise When your body runs out of oxygen your muscle cells must produce some ATP using fermentation and glycolysis Lactic Acid build-up causes muscle soreness or burning after intense activity. Pyruvic Acid + NADH  lactic acid + NAD+

19. Fermentation Summary Glycolysis: Glucose  2 Pyruvic Acid Fermentation: 2 Pyruvic Acid  ? or ?

20. Chemical Pathways Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or Lactic Acid Section 9-1

21. Strenuous Exercise Lactic acid is produced by your muscle cells during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough O 2 to tissues. Without enough O 2, the body is NOT able to produce all of the ATP that is required. The buildup of lactic acid can cause painful burning in your muscles!

22. Minimal ATP Production In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration only releases 2 ATP for each molecule of glucose broken down.

23. Comparing ATP Production First, your body breaks down glucose through aerobic respiration to produce 36 ATP per glucose molecule; however, this is a slow process. When muscle cells cannot get enough O 2 they break down glucose through lactic acid fermentation to produce 2 ATP per glucose… Therefore, AEROBIC RESPIRATION is much more efficient in terms of ATP production – 36 ATP compared to 2 ATP!

24. Aerobic Training Ex: long runs, biking, swimming Can increase the size and number of mitochondria in muscle cells Can increase the delivery of O 2 to muscles by improving the heart and lungs

25. Anaerobic Training Ex: sprints, strides, quick bursts of energy Increase the glycogen levels in the muscles Increase body’s tolerance to lactic acid