1. Glenn Nader – Yuba/Sutter/Butte Co.

2. Impact of YST Deep tap root – mines water (66%) Deep tap root – mines water (66%) Barbs - recreation Barbs - recreation

3. Poisonous Horses only Horses only Alkaloid that destroys brain Alkaloid that destroys brain Toxic to horses (600lbs) 1 to 3 months Toxic to horses (600lbs) 1 to 3 months Will not occur if there is sufficient feed Will not occur if there is sufficient feed Fall is the highest report period Fall is the highest report period

4. Biology = Control Annual Annual Germinates with sunlight and moisture Germinates with sunlight and moisture Seed viable for 3 to 5 years Seed viable for 3 to 5 years Produces 50 – 200 million seeds/Ac Produces 50 – 200 million seeds/Ac Requires 2 million to restock Requires 2 million to restock

5. Eradication vs Management Seed bank dynamics Seed bank dynamics 98% control to deplete seed bank 98% control to deplete seed bank Eradication long term commitment Eradication long term commitment 4-5 years

6. Mowing Annual plant Annual plant Start to flower (2-5%) Start to flower (2-5%) Cut below lowest branch or growth point Cut below lowest branch or growth point Mower cut at 4” Mower cut at 4” Grass competition –shade=>higher branching Grass competition –shade=>higher branching

7. Competition Bare soil – Sunlight Bare soil – Sunlight Rose Clover Rose Clover Annual Rye Annual Rye Harding grass Harding grass

8. Grazing Managed into it by grazing Managed into it by grazing Light grazing Feb to March Light grazing Feb to March Heavy mid April to June Heavy mid April to June

9. Roundup Annual grasses Annual grasses Spray 5 % flowering Spray 5 % flowering With dye on clean up after 2 years Transline With dye on clean up after 2 years Transline Acidification Acidification

10. Transline ½ pint (1/4?) ½ pint (1/4?) Apply Jan to Feb Apply Jan to Feb More than a single year program More than a single year program Trans/Trans/Roundup w/dye Trans/Trans/Roundup w/dye Rangelands Rangelands long term investment long term investment Isolated patches Isolated patches Susceptibility chart in handout Susceptibility chart in handout

11. Biocontrol 5 insects released 5 insects released 30% control at best 30% control at best All feed on the seed head All feed on the seed head Others have fed on other crops Others have fed on other crops Long term answer Long term answer