1. Five Modes of Documentary Representation The Observational Mode of Documentary Representation

2. Table of Contents 1) Observational Mode of Documentary Representation 2) Observational Mode 3) Direct Cinema 4) Limitations

3. Observational Mode “[An observational mode of representation] conveys the sense of unmediated and unfettered access to the world… [It] allowed the filmmaker to record unobtrusively what people did when they were not explicitly addressing the camera… [It] stresses the nonintervention of the film maker. Such films cede ‘control’ over the events that occur in front of the camera more than any other mode.” Bill Nichols, Representing Reality, pp. 33, 38 and 43.

4. Observational Mode PRINCIPLES No or little voice-of-god narration or commentary No or little music external to the observed scene No re-enactments No or little inter-titles No scripts No interviews

5. Observational Mode AIM - to present a slice of life, or direct representation of the filmed events; to make the film maker invisible, that is, an uninvolved and neutral bystander

6. Observational Mode TECHNIQUES Frequent uses of long take Direct sound recording during filming Hand-held camera, 16mm rather than 35mm

7. Observational Mode Flexible zoom lens going from 12mm wide- angle to 120mm telephoto positions Fast film stocks

8. Observational Mode Fundamentally a cameraman and a sound recorder team No re-shooting

9. Direct Cinema Strictly observational Reliance on an agreement among the film maker and the subjects of the film to ‘act’ as if the camera and film makers are not present. The film maker as a fly-on-the-wall capturing life as it unfolds.

10. Direct Cinema Robert Drew Richard Leacock Donn Pennebaker Albert and David Maysles American documentary filmmakers

11. Direct Cinema Robert Drew Fighter pilot during WWII and one of the first jet pilots. Commissioned to write a story from a pilot’s perspective for Life magazine. Employed by Life.

12. Direct Cinema Drew was impressed and influenced by Alfred Eisenstaedt - photographer and father of American photo-journalism Life photo-journalism provided a format for Drew’s Direct Cinema.

13. Photo Journalism – let a photo tell a story

17. Contemporary photojournalist, Steve McCurry, Yanesha, Peru

18. Bombay,

19. Iraq: Saddam Hussein set an oil refinery on fire.

20. Direct Cinema Applied Eisenstaedt’s principles of photo- journalism to documentary filmmaking Candid photography capturing spontaneous moments. As a Nieman Fellow at Harvard University, he worked out theories for a filmmaking based on candid photography. Assembled a group of journalists and film makers

21. Direct Cinema Ten Commandments Thou shalt not rehearse Thou shalt not interview Thou shalt not use commentary Thou shalt not use light Thou shalt not stage events

22. Direct Cinema Thou shalt not dissolve Thou shalt not dub Thou shalt not add music Thou shalt not edit Thou shalt not script Complete avoidance of every sort of Film maker’s intervention

23. Direct Cinema Robert Drew and Richard Leacock, Primary (1960) It is about John F. Kennedy’s 1960 Wisconsin Primary run against Hubert Humphrey

24. Direct Cinema Frederic Wiseman, High School (1968) It is a documentary of day-to-day events that take place in Northeast High School in Philadelphia. Clip

25. Direct Cinema Albert and David Maysles Documentary filmmakers in the Direct Cinema tradition Salesman (1969), Gimme Shelter (1970) 1.11 & 1.22, Grey Gardens (1975)SalesmanGimme Shelter

26. The Direct Cinema Tradition Nick Bloomfield and Joan Churchill, Soldier Girls (1981) Rigorous induction of a batch of female recruits into the US Army

27. The Direct Cinema Tradition Juvenile Liaison (1975) Observational documentary on police officers dealing with juvenile delinquency in Lancashire, England. clip

28. The Direct Cinema Tradition The Emperor’s Naked Army Marches On (1987) by Kazuo Hara Kenzo Okuzaki is 62-year-old veteran of Japan’s WWII campaign in New Guinea and searches for those responsible for the unexplained deaths of two soldiers.

29. The Direct Cinema Tradition Hara followed over five years Okuzaki’s one-man crusade in finding out exactly what happened to the two soldiers and what went on in the Emperor’s Army unit in New Guinea in the documentary tradition of Direct Cinema.

30. Problems and Limitations 1. Implicit and sometimes undisguised agenda at work Primary - the Wisconsin primary election, or, a class and gender divide in the American society? High School - how a school functions, or, an exposé of the shortfall of the education system

31. Problems and Limitations Soldier Girls - the training of female soldiers, or, an exposé of the inhumanity in treating young predominantly working-class recruits and institutional sexism and racism. Emperor’s Naked Army Marches On – injustice in the Japanese army during WWII which drove a soldier to eccentric but desperate actions.

32. Problems and Limitations 2. Observational documentaries are related in present tense. How can a past event be represented? 3. Observational documentaries record mostly surface appearance. Is it possible for them to penetrate into the person or the event, and therefore, a deeper level of reality and truth?