2. Lesson Plan Prepared by Tabbasum Fatima

3. An acid contains replaceable hydrogen atoms. When these are completely or partially replaced by metal atoms, a compound called salt is formed. HCl -------> NaCl Replaceable H atom Na (metal atom) has replaced H atom

4. In chemistry, salts are ionic compounds that resultchemistryionic compounds from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.neutralizationacidbase e.g., NH 3 + HCl → NH 4 Cl

5. Neutralization Neutralization is the specific term used for the reaction of acid with bases. Acid + Base Salt + Water HCI (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCI (aq) + H 2 O (1) Neutralization is the reaction between H + ions of an acid and OH - ions of a base. H + (aq) +OH - (aq) H2O (1)

6. Colour of Salts Salts exist in many different colors:colors yellow ( sodium chromate ) orange (potassium dichromate) red (potassium ferricyanide) mauve (cobalt chloride hexahydrate) mauve blue (copper sulfate pentahydrate, ferric hexacyanoferrate)copper sulfateferric hexacyanoferrate purple (potassium permanganate) green (nickle chloride hexahydrate) colorless (sodium chloride,magnecium sulphate hepa hydrate)—may appear white when powdered or in small pieces

7. Some acids and their salts Acid Salt name Example Hydrochloric HCl Chloride Cl - NaCL, KCl, CaCl2 Nitric HNO3 Nitrate NO3 NaNO3, KNO3, Ca(NO3)2 Sulphuric H2SO4 Sulphate SO4 Na2SO4, K2SO4, CaSO4 phosphoric H3PO4 phosphate P O4 -3 Na3PO4,K3PO4

8. Formation of salts Salts are formed by a chemical reaction between:chemical reaction A base and an acidbaseacid e.g., NH 3 + HCl → NH 4 ClNH 3HClNH 4 Cl A metal and an acidmetalacid e.g., Mg + H2So4 → MgSO4 + H2

9. A metal and a non-metal e.g., Ca + Cl 2 → CaCl 2CaCl 2 CaCl 2 A base and an acid anhydride e.g., 2NaOH +Cl2O → 2 NaClO + H2O

10. An acid and a basic anhydride.acidbasic anhydride e.g., 2 HNO 3 +Na 2 O → 2 NaNO 3 + H 2 OHNO 3Na 2 ONaNO 3H 2 O Salts can also form if solutions of different salts are mixed, their ions recombine, and the new salt is insoluble and precipitates for example: Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + Na 2 SO 4 (aq) → PbSO 4 (s) + 2NaNO

11. Acid are also formed by the reaction of acid and metal oxide. H2So4 + CuO CuSO4 + H2O Acids are also formed by the reaction of acid with metal carbonate. HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O When a salt is mixed with another salt again the product will be a salt. AgNO3 (aq)+ NaCl (aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)

12. Types of salts Basic Salts Alkali salts or basic salts are salts that are the product of the neutralization of a strong base and a weak acid. Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals), Na 2 CO 3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid(soluble in water).sodiumsaltcarbonic acid 2NaOH+ H 2 CO 3 Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O

13. Acid Salts Those salts that hydrolyze to produce hydronium ions in water are acidic salts. the acid salt sodium bisulfate is the main species formed upon the half neutralization of sulfuric acid with sodium hydroxide:hydroniumsodium bisulfatesulfuric acidsodium hydroxide H 2 SO 4 + NaOH → NaHSO 4 + H 2 O

14. Neutral Salts Neutral salts are those that are neither acid nor basic salts. Zwitterions contain an anionic centre and a cationic centre in the same molecules, but are not considered to be salts. Examples include amino acids, many metabolites, peptides, and proteins.

15. Uses of salts Solid salts do not conduct electricity. However, liquid salts do. Different salts can elicit all five basic tastes, e.g.,basic tastes Salty: (sodiumchloride), Sweet :(lead diacetate, which will cause lead poisoning if ingested) Sour : (potassium bitatarate) Bitter :(magnesium sulphate). Many salts such as sulphites and benzoate a are use in food.

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