1. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Christof Roland / MIT For the NA49 Collaboration Strange Quark Matter 2004 Capetown, South Africa Event-by-Event Fluctuations of Particle Ratios

2. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Ancient History… 1 st Order Phase transition Large Fluctuations?? Event-by-Event Fluctuations of the (K + +K -) /(  + +  - ) ratio at 160 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett 86 1965 (2001) s_dyn = 2.8% Grand canonical ensemble calculation V.Koch, S. Jeon Phys.Rev.Lett. 83 (1999) 5435 : s_dyn = 4% Single Event K/Pi-Ratio

3. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Motivation Energy dependence of the /<   ratio What is the energy dependence of the fluctuation signal? ?

4. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 The NA49 Detector

5. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 One Event

6. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Event-by-Event estimation of the particle ratios One Event: Event Ensemble: log(p tot [GeV]) Probability density function: log(p tot [GeV]) Fit dE/dx spectra in 4D binning Extract ratios with maximum likelihood fit Vary relative normalization of the particle species (K/ ,p/  ) in the PDF

7. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Extracting the Fluctuation Signal Compare data to mixed events:   data -   mix =   dynamic Process the relative widths of the distributions:  = RMS/Mean * 100 [%] + Dynamical Fluctuations  = 2.8% E-by-E K/  ratio Events + Finite Number Statistics Experimental Resolution  = 15.9%  = 16.7% E-by-E K/  ratio Events Statistical fluctuations = “mixed” Events  = 23.1% E-by-E K/  ratio Events = “Data” Events E-by-E K/  ratio  = 23.27% Events

8. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Acceptance 20 GeV: 40 GeV:160 GeV:

9. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Event Selection Select 3% most central events at all energies Selection based on energy of projectile spectators Tight selection to prevent remaining centrality dependence of K/  within the event sample Event Statistics Beam EnergyEventsTracks/Event Data Set 1Data Set 2 20 GeV140 k5865 30 GeV170 k100115 40 GeV160 k141163 80 GeV140 k269321 160 GeV120 k450560

10. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Error Estimate Systematic checks dE/dx stability Linearity of the e-by-e estimators Various  dyn extraction methods All methods tested successfully on MC events Systematic errors from processing two data sets Vary track selection and multiplicity per event Data points from arithmetic mean Systematic error from the difference in the data points

11. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 The E-by-E Kaon/Pion Ratio NA49 Preliminary Data Set 1 160 GeV 20 GeV

12. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 The E-by-E Kaon/Pion Ratio NA49 Preliminary Data Set 1 Data Set 2

13. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 The E-by-E Kaon/Pion Ratio Increased fluctuation signal at lower beam energies NA49 Preliminary

14. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 The E-by-E Proton/Pion Ratio

15. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 The E-by-E Proton/Pion Ratio NA49 Preliminary The e-by-e distribution of the proton/pion ratio is narrower for data than for mixed events Effect is more pronounced at low beam energies

16. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 The E-by-E Proton/Pion Ratio Gedanken Experiment: All protons and pions from resonances Check influence of resonances in an Event Generator Resonance Production, Toy MC

17. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 The UrQMD Event Generator Process UrQMD events like data Generate large samples, O(30k) events Relative contribution of resonances changes with beam energy K/  fluctuation signal independent of beam energy Weak influence of resonances Non zero value due to energy-, strangeness conservation p/  fluctuation signal shows similar trend like data

18. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Summary K/  fluctuations increase towards lower beam energy Significant enhancement over hadronic cascade model p/  fluctuations are negative indicates a strong contribution from resonance decays NA49 Preliminary

19. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 END

20. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Motivation Energy dependence of the /<   ratio Event-by-event fluctuations of the (K + +K -) /(  + +  - ) ratio at 160 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett 86 1965 (2001) What is the energy dependence of the fluctuation signal? ?

21. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Error Estimate Systematic checks dE/dx stability Linearity of the e-by-e estimators Various  dyn extraction methods All methods tested successfully on MC events Systematic errors from processing two data sets Vary track selection and multiplicity per event Data points from arithmetic mean Systematic error from the difference in the data points

22. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Results on Kaon/pion (tight)

23. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Results on Kaon/pion (lose)

24. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Results on Kaon/pion UrQMD

25. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Results on proton/pion(tight)

26. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Results on proton/pion(lose)

27. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004 Results on proton/pion URQMD The e-by-e proton/pion ratio for data is narrower than the mixed event distribution

28. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004

29. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004

30. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004

31. Christof Roland / MITSQM 2004September 2004